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Board Certification in Neuropsychology Written Exam > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anatomico-clinical correlation

A

the process of integrating anatomic knowledge and understanding of behavioral and cognitive syndromes

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2
Q

divisions of the brain

A

human nervous system composed of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system

the brain is divided into the forebrain (hemispheres and diencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum - together form connection bw brain and spinal cord)

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3
Q

forebrain

A

hemispheres and diencephalon (epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus)

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4
Q

midbrain

A

the colliculi, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles

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5
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum - together form connection bw brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus

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7
Q

front-back direction

A

ventral and dorsal

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8
Q

up-down direction

A

rostral/superior and caudal/inferior

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9
Q

horizontal (axial) plane

A

parallel to the floor

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10
Q

coronal plane

A

perpendicular to floor and cuts across brain connecting the ears

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11
Q

sagittal plane

A

perpendicular, from forehead to occiput

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12
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies/neurons
where basic synaptic communication takes place

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13
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons
provides communication among cortical areas and between cortical and subcortical structures over longer distances

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14
Q

how do disconnection syndromes arise?

A

damage to white matter pathways when functional brain regions are deprived of inputs and outputs thru white matter damage

examples: Alexia without agraphia, optic aphasia, impaired naming of objects in left hemisphere due to callosal disconnection of right hemisphere from left-hemisphere language regions

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15
Q

unimodal cortex

A

processes info to a specific sensory modality
plays prominent role in perception

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16
Q

polymodal cortex

A

process info receiving from disparate modalities thru afferent connections

critically involved in higher-order conceptual processes that are less dependent on concrete sensory info than on abstract features extracted from multiple inputs

example: convergence zone of anterior temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule

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17
Q

orbitofrontal/ventromedial region

A

emotional regulation, reward monitoring, personality

damage to orbitofrontal: disinhibition

damage to ventromedial: disordered reward/punishment processing and problems marking perceptual or learning experiences with reward value and emotional significance

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18
Q

dorsolateral region

A

broad range of cognitive-executive functions

damage produces dysexecutive syndromes, impairment in working memory, poor attentional control of behavior

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19
Q

dorsomedial region

A

intentional and behavioral activation

damage produces striking impairments in initiated behavior including akinetic mutism (awake and alert but unable to move or speak)

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20
Q

temporal polar cortical areas

A

polymodal convergence zone important for intersensory integration and semantic memory

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21
Q

ventral temporal areas

A

object recognition and discrimination

bilateral damage produces object or face agnosia

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21
Q

ventral temporal areas

A

object recognition and discrimination

bilateral damage produces object or face agnosia

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21
Q

ventral temporal areas

A

object recognition and discrimination

bilateral damage produces object or face agnosia

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22
Q

posterior temporal region

A

middle and superior temporal sulci, which contains primary auditory areas and Wernicke’s in language-dominant hemisphere

important for language comprehension, prosodic comprehension in homologous non-dominant hemisphere

23
superior parietal lobe
sensory-motor integration, body schema, spatial processing
24
temporal parietal junction
phonological and sound-based processing, language comprehension (left), music comprehension (right)
25
inferior parietal lobule
complex spatial attention, integration of tactile sensation, self awareness
26
primary visual cortex
surrounds the calcimine fissure complete damage: cortical blindness or (rarely) Anton's syndrome (denial of cortical blindness) or blindsight (detection of unconsciously perceived stimuli in blind field) partial damage: visual field defects that reflect region of visual cortex damaged
27
ventral visual pathway
connects occipital and temporal lobe object and face recognition, item-based memory, complex visual discrimination impairment: perceptual disturbance, when severe, agnosia
28
dorsal visual pathway
connects occipital and parietal lobes via superior temporal sulcus spatial vision and visuomotor integration likely involved in visuomotor integration (reaching, manipulating objects) impairment here: spatial perception, attention, visuomotor processing (hemispatial neglect, visual reaching)
29
frontal lobe subdivisions
orbitofrontal/ventromedial dorsolateral dorsomedial
30
temporal lobe subdivisions
temporal polar cortical ventral temporal posterior temporal
31
parietal lobe subdivisions
superior parietal temporoparietal inferior parietal
32
occipital lobe subdivisions
primary visual cortex visual association cortex the 2 main visual-cortical pathways: ventral and dorsal
33
geniculostriate pathway
critical to visual discrimination and form perception retinal ganglion cells in each eye send their axons into the optic nerve, which project posteriorly and come together at optic chasm, where optic tract originate. Optic tracts fibers end in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which projects to primary visual cortex in striate cortex in occipital pole
34
tectopulvinar system
subserves pupillary light reflex, attention-directed eye movements, and general orientation to visual stimuli and is more sensitive to movement than form
35
what are the anatomically separate visual input channels?
form, motion, and color
36
apperceptive agnosia
when disorder results from impairment in processing basic visual elements of objects (shape, contour, depth) due to damage to visual association areas
37
associative agnosia
when disorder results from relating a well-perceived stimulus to stored representations based on prior experience with the stimulus die to less extensive or disconnecting lesions in regions between association cortex and memory
38
amnestic syndrome
severe memory disorder focal damage to medial temporal lobes, medial diencephalon, basal forebrain
39
two-system theory of amnesia
amnesia occurs when lateral and medial limbic circuit are damaged lesions that interrupt both the fornix (disrupting papez's circuit) and the ventral amygdalofugal (disrupting the lateral circuit) pathways cause severe amnesia; lesions to either alone cause less severe amnesia
40
conclusions about the temporal lobe and amnesia
1. damage to cortical and subcortical subcortical structures within the temporal lobe, whether focal or extensive, can cause amnesia 2. amnesia most likely results from damage to both hippocampically based medical limbic circuit and amygdala-based lateral limbic circuit 3. damage to individual elements of these circuits can all result in amnesia, provided both circuits are damaged 4. hippocampus critical for episodic memory, amygdala more involved in emotional aspects of cognition, including emotional memory and assigning emotional significance to stimuli
41
thalamus
sensory relay nucleus higher cognitive functions such as alertness, behavioral activation, memory
42
areas associated with amnesia
medial temporal, thalamic, BF, parahippocampal gyrus
43
brain hemisphere language dominance
in the left for over 95% of right handers and more than 60-70% of left handers
44
initial perceptual steps of language processing that enable phonological sequences to be identified and comprehended as words
wernicke's and adjacent brodmann areas (37, 39, 40) damage here produces fluent aphasia
45
articulation of speech sounds and production of words and sentences
primary motor cortex, begins in Broca's (plans and activates sequences of speech sounds) damage here produces confluent aphasia with intact comprehension
46
repetition of language
phonological representation generated by processing in wernicke's is converted to motor-articulatory sequences and utterances in broca's
47
what connects wernicke's and broca's
arcuate fasciulus - larger in left hemisphere damage here produces deficit in repetition, with sparing comprehension and fluency (conduction aphasia)
48
areas that connect with broca's and are necessary for processing syntax and grammatical structure of language
frontal lobe regions - prefrontal, premotor, supplementary motor
49
areas that connect with wernicke's important for writing and mapping sounds to meaning (lexical semantics)
supramarginal gyri and angular gyri in parietal lobe
50
prosody location and lesions
processed in the right hemisphere focal lesions produce aprosodias damage to inferior right frontal lobe produces deficit in expressing emotional prosody in speech analogous to broca's posterior temporal parietal lesions produce deficit in prosody comprehension with fluent production, akin to wernicke's
51
cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic-loop
cortex to striatum (caudate, putamen) to globus pallidus to thalamus back to cortex involved in selective engagement: the flexible selection and activation of cortical regions to perform cognitive work
52
top-down attention
requires interaction with frontal lobe regions involved in volitional deployment of attention and in establishing behavioral priorities in the face of conflicting demands dorsal frontoparietal system
53
3 interconnected systems of attention:
orienting to stimuli, alerting, executive orienting: tuning of perceptual systems to incoming stimuli so relevant sensory info can be selected for further processing; dependent on acetylcholine; involves superior colliculus, pulmonar thalamic nucleus, posterior temporoparietal cortex, frontal eye fields alerting: state of sensitivity to incoming stimuli; norepinephrine; ascending sensory inputs from the thalamus executive: monitoring and resolving conflicts among thoughts, feelings, behaviors; dopamine; anterior cingulate cortex and DLPFC
54
bottom-up information
information that 's biased toward salient environmental stimuli sensory signals arrive at frontal and parietal cortices, having been processed by colliculi and pulvinar ventral frontoparietal system
55
dorsal prefrontal cortex
spatial (where's the door)
56
ventral prefrontal cortex
object (what)
57
two visual systems
Dorsal and ventral visual systems implicated in visual agnosia, spatial neglect, attentional dysfunction

Board Certification in Neuropsychology Written Exam (5 decks)

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