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Board Certification in Neuropsychology Written Exam > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anatomico-clinical correlation

A

the process of integrating anatomic knowledge and understanding of behavioral and cognitive syndromes

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2
Q

divisions of the brain

A

human nervous system composed of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system

the brain is divided into the forebrain (hemispheres and diencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum - together form connection bw brain and spinal cord)

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3
Q

forebrain

A

hemispheres and diencephalon (epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus)

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4
Q

midbrain

A

the colliculi, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles

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5
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum - together form connection bw brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus

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7
Q

front-back direction

A

ventral and dorsal

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8
Q

up-down direction

A

rostral/superior and caudal/inferior

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9
Q

horizontal (axial) plane

A

parallel to the floor

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10
Q

coronal plane

A

perpendicular to floor and cuts across brain connecting the ears

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11
Q

sagittal plane

A

perpendicular, from forehead to occiput

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12
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies/neurons
where basic synaptic communication takes place

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13
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons
provides communication among cortical areas and between cortical and subcortical structures over longer distances

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14
Q

how do disconnection syndromes arise?

A

damage to white matter pathways when functional brain regions are deprived of inputs and outputs thru white matter damage

examples: Alexia without agraphia, optic aphasia, impaired naming of objects in left hemisphere due to callosal disconnection of right hemisphere from left-hemisphere language regions

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15
Q

unimodal cortex

A

processes info to a specific sensory modality
plays prominent role in perception

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16
Q

polymodal cortex

A

process info receiving from disparate modalities thru afferent connections

critically involved in higher-order conceptual processes that are less dependent on concrete sensory info than on abstract features extracted from multiple inputs

example: convergence zone of anterior temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule

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17
Q

orbitofrontal/ventromedial region

A

emotional regulation, reward monitoring, personality

damage to orbitofrontal: disinhibition

damage to ventromedial: disordered reward/punishment processing and problems marking perceptual or learning experiences with reward value and emotional significance

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18
Q

dorsolateral region

A

broad range of cognitive-executive functions

damage produces dysexecutive syndromes, impairment in working memory, poor attentional control of behavior

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19
Q

dorsomedial region

A

intentional and behavioral activation

damage produces striking impairments in initiated behavior including akinetic mutism (awake and alert but unable to move or speak)

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20
Q

temporal polar cortical areas

A

polymodal convergence zone important for intersensory integration and semantic memory

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21
Q

ventral temporal areas

A

object recognition and discrimination

bilateral damage produces object or face agnosia

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21
Q

ventral temporal areas

A

object recognition and discrimination

bilateral damage produces object or face agnosia

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21
Q

ventral temporal areas

A

object recognition and discrimination

bilateral damage produces object or face agnosia

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22
Q

posterior temporal region

A

middle and superior temporal sulci, which contains primary auditory areas and Wernicke’s in language-dominant hemisphere

important for language comprehension, prosodic comprehension in homologous non-dominant hemisphere

23
Q

superior parietal lobe

A

sensory-motor integration, body schema, spatial processing

24
Q

temporal parietal junction

A

phonological and sound-based processing, language comprehension (left), music comprehension (right)

25
Q

inferior parietal lobule

A

complex spatial attention, integration of tactile sensation, self awareness

26
Q

primary visual cortex

A

surrounds the calcimine fissure

complete damage: cortical blindness or (rarely) Anton’s syndrome (denial of cortical blindness) or blindsight (detection of unconsciously perceived stimuli in blind field)

partial damage: visual field defects that reflect region of visual cortex damaged

27
Q

ventral visual pathway

A

connects occipital and temporal lobe
object and face recognition, item-based memory, complex visual discrimination
impairment: perceptual disturbance, when severe, agnosia

28
Q

dorsal visual pathway

A

connects occipital and parietal lobes via superior temporal sulcus
spatial vision and visuomotor integration
likely involved in visuomotor integration (reaching, manipulating objects)
impairment here: spatial perception, attention, visuomotor processing (hemispatial neglect, visual reaching)

29
Q

frontal lobe subdivisions

A

orbitofrontal/ventromedial

dorsolateral

dorsomedial

30
Q

temporal lobe subdivisions

A

temporal polar cortical

ventral temporal

posterior temporal

31
Q

parietal lobe subdivisions

A

superior parietal

temporoparietal

inferior parietal

32
Q

occipital lobe subdivisions

A

primary visual cortex
visual association cortex

the 2 main visual-cortical pathways: ventral and dorsal

33
Q

geniculostriate pathway

A

critical to visual discrimination and form perception
retinal ganglion cells in each eye send their axons into the optic nerve, which project posteriorly and come together at optic chasm, where optic tract originate. Optic tracts fibers end in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which projects to primary visual cortex in striate cortex in occipital pole

34
Q

tectopulvinar system

A

subserves pupillary light reflex, attention-directed eye movements, and general orientation to visual stimuli and is more sensitive to movement than form

35
Q

what are the anatomically separate visual input channels?

A

form, motion, and color

36
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

when disorder results from impairment in processing basic visual elements of objects (shape, contour, depth)
due to damage to visual association areas

37
Q

associative agnosia

A

when disorder results from relating a well-perceived stimulus to stored representations based on prior experience with the stimulus
die to less extensive or disconnecting lesions in regions between association cortex and memory

38
Q

amnestic syndrome

A

severe memory disorder
focal damage to medial temporal lobes, medial diencephalon, basal forebrain

39
Q

two-system theory of amnesia

A

amnesia occurs when lateral and medial limbic circuit are damaged
lesions that interrupt both the fornix (disrupting papez’s circuit) and the ventral amygdalofugal (disrupting the lateral circuit) pathways cause severe amnesia; lesions to either alone cause less severe amnesia

40
Q

conclusions about the temporal lobe and amnesia

A
  1. damage to cortical and subcortical subcortical structures within the temporal lobe, whether focal or extensive, can cause amnesia
  2. amnesia most likely results from damage to both hippocampically based medical limbic circuit and amygdala-based lateral limbic circuit
  3. damage to individual elements of these circuits can all result in amnesia, provided both circuits are damaged
  4. hippocampus critical for episodic memory, amygdala more involved in emotional aspects of cognition, including emotional memory and assigning emotional significance to stimuli
41
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay nucleus
higher cognitive functions such as alertness, behavioral activation, memory

42
Q

areas associated with amnesia

A

medial temporal, thalamic, BF, parahippocampal gyrus

43
Q

brain hemisphere language dominance

A

in the left for over 95% of right handers and more than 60-70% of left handers

44
Q

initial perceptual steps of language processing that enable phonological sequences to be identified and comprehended as words

A

wernicke’s and adjacent brodmann areas (37, 39, 40)
damage here produces fluent aphasia

45
Q

articulation of speech sounds and production of words and sentences

A

primary motor cortex, begins in Broca’s (plans and activates sequences of speech sounds)
damage here produces confluent aphasia with intact comprehension

46
Q

repetition of language

A

phonological representation generated by processing in wernicke’s is converted to motor-articulatory sequences and utterances in broca’s

47
Q

what connects wernicke’s and broca’s

A

arcuate fasciulus - larger in left hemisphere
damage here produces deficit in repetition, with sparing comprehension and fluency (conduction aphasia)

48
Q

areas that connect with broca’s and are necessary for processing syntax and grammatical structure of language

A

frontal lobe regions - prefrontal, premotor, supplementary motor

49
Q

areas that connect with wernicke’s important for writing and mapping sounds to meaning (lexical semantics)

A

supramarginal gyri and angular gyri in parietal lobe

50
Q

prosody location and lesions

A

processed in the right hemisphere

focal lesions produce aprosodias

damage to inferior right frontal lobe produces deficit in expressing emotional prosody in speech analogous to broca’s

posterior temporal parietal lesions produce deficit in prosody comprehension with fluent production, akin to wernicke’s

51
Q

cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic-loop

A

cortex to striatum (caudate, putamen) to globus pallidus to thalamus back to cortex

involved in selective engagement: the flexible selection and activation of cortical regions to perform cognitive work

52
Q

top-down attention

A

requires interaction with frontal lobe regions involved in volitional deployment of attention and in establishing behavioral priorities in the face of conflicting demands

dorsal frontoparietal system

53
Q

3 interconnected systems of attention:

A

orienting to stimuli, alerting, executive

orienting: tuning of perceptual systems to incoming stimuli so relevant sensory info can be selected for further processing; dependent on acetylcholine; involves superior colliculus, pulmonar thalamic nucleus, posterior temporoparietal cortex, frontal eye fields

alerting: state of sensitivity to incoming stimuli; norepinephrine; ascending sensory inputs from the thalamus

executive: monitoring and resolving conflicts among thoughts, feelings, behaviors; dopamine; anterior cingulate cortex and DLPFC

54
Q

bottom-up information

A

information that ‘s biased toward salient environmental stimuli

sensory signals arrive at frontal and parietal cortices, having been processed by colliculi and pulvinar

ventral frontoparietal system

55
Q

dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

spatial (where’s the door)

56
Q

ventral prefrontal cortex

A

object (what)

57
Q

two visual systems

A

Dorsal and ventral visual systems

implicated in visual agnosia, spatial neglect, attentional dysfunction

Board Certification in Neuropsychology Written Exam (5 decks)

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