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PSYC 210 Exam I > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Everything else other than the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System of the ____ controls ____ muscles, and has special neurons called the ____ ____

A

PNS; Involuntary (ex. Heart rate, bowel movement); Autonomic ganglia

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4
Q

Preganglionic autonomic ganglia extends from ____ and innervate ____

A

CNS; Ganglia

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5
Q

Postganglionic autonomic ganglia extends from ____ to ____

A

Ganglia; the rest of the body

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6
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Part of the autonomic nervous system
  • Fight or flight response of the body: prepares the organs for vigorous activity
  • Related ganglia located on both sides of the spinal cord
  • Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine
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7
Q

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • part of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • Rest and Digest: prepares the body for non-emergency responses
  • Comprised of preganglion axons from the spine and Postganglionic fibers to the rest of the body (directly to organs)
  • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcoline
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8
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System can be divided into ___ nervous system and ___ nervous system

A

Sympathetic; Parasympathetic

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9
Q

The Somatic Nervous System of the ____ controls ____ muscles, and has ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves

A

CNS; Voluntary (ex. Muscle contraction); 12; 31

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10
Q

Flow of information in the Somatic Nervous System

A

Axons convey messages from sense organs to the CNS, then from there to muscles

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11
Q

The spinal nerves of the somatic NS is connected at ____ ____ of the spinal cord on ____ ____

A

Regular intervals; both sides

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12
Q

Dorsal root of the spinal nerves carry…

A

Sensory information

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13
Q

Ventral root of the spinal nerves carry…

A

Motor information

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14
Q

What is the spinal cord and where is it located?

A

Spinal cord is a part of CNS found within the spinal column

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15
Q

Functions of the spinal cord and its special neurons

A

The spinal cord communicates information between sense organs and muscles (except for cranial ones — they take care of themselves). It also has the dorsal root ganglia for carrying sensory information.

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16
Q

The spinal cord is comprised of

A

Grey and white matter

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17
Q

Grey matter (in the spinal cord)

A

The grey matter is in the center of the spinal cord, packed with cell bodies and dendrites

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18
Q

White matter (in the spinal cord)

A

In the spinal cord, the white matter is wrapped around the grey matter, made up of mostly myelinated axons, which carries information from the grey matter to the brain and other areas of the spinal cord.

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19
Q

Each ____ of the spinal cord ____ sensory information to and ____ motor commands from the brain.

A

Segment; carries; receives

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20
Q

Terms used to define location in the CNS

A
  • Horizontal plane: x-axis
  • Sagittal plane: z-axis
  • Coronal plane: y-axis
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21
Q

Tract

A

A set of axons in the CNS that is part of a projection pathway (carry information between different areas of the brain)

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22
Q

Nerves are a set of ____ in the ____ NS; either from ____ to ____ or gland, or from ____ ____to the CNS

A

Axons; Periphery; CNS; muscle; sensory organ

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23
Q

Nucleus (of the CNS)

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS that are similar in function

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24
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside of the CNS

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25
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes surrounding the CNS for protection

  • Daral mater: outermost layer, below the skull
  • Arachnoid: in the middle
  • Pia mater: innermost layer, in direct contact with the cerebral cortex
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26
Q

Brain doesn’t have ____ ____, but the meninges does. A key cause of ____ headaches in the meninges is caused by ____ ____ ____.

A

Pain receptors; Migraine; Swollen blood vessels

27
Q

The ventricular system is comprised of

A
  • Central canal
  • Ventricles
  • Choroid plexus
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
28
Q

Central canal (of the ventricular system)

A

Fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

29
Q

Ventricles

A

4 fluid-filled cavities within the brain

30
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Filters blood and produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

31
Q

Functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • Provide “cushioning” for the brain tissue
  • Acts as a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the CNS
  • Remove metabolic waste from interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and return it to the blood stream
32
Q

Where does the CSF gets reabsorbed into the blood?

A

Subarachnoid space

33
Q

Vascular system (as a support system to the CNS) provides…

A

Uninterrupted blood supply to the brain

34
Q

Two routes of the vascular system

A
  • Carotid arteries: branch off the aorta, on the sides of the neck
  • Vertebral arteries: runs through the spinal column
35
Q

Confluence of arteries (the circle of Wilis) in the CNS maintains…

A

Oxygenation (even if narrowing/blockage limits flow through one part)

36
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Arteries branch out to fine arterioles and eventually into fine capillaries that permeates the brain tissue

37
Q

Functions of the BBB

A
  • Blocks most chemicals from entering (ex. Incoming viruses, bacteria, or other harmful material)
  • Selectively permeable — impermeable to large, electrically charged molecules (except lipid-soluble ones)
  • Active transport: Protein mediated process which PUMPS chemicals from the blood to the brain
38
Q

The BBB is incomplete at two regions: ____ ____, also called the “chemical trigger zone”, which removes toxic substances via ____ ____; and the ____ ____ for ____ to enter the blood.

A

Area postrema; vomiting reflex; median eminence; hormones

39
Q

Key principles of the Neuron Doctrine (by Cajal)

A
  • Contiguous cells: neurons are independent of other cells structurally, metabolically and functionally
  • Synapses: there is information transmitted from cell to cell across the synaptic gap
40
Q

Glia cells

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
*Makes up AT LEAST 50% of all cells in the CNS

41
Q

The main difference between a glia cell and a neuron

A

Glia cells can go through mitosis, where neurons cannot

42
Q

Macroglia cells

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

43
Q

Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin
“The oligodendrocytes of the periphery”
- myelinating: 1 Schwann cell per axon
- non-myelinating: help maintain a healthy neuron

44
Q

Radial glia

A

Guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

45
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

Specialized glia cells that create CSF in the choroid plexus

46
Q

Classic view of the roles of Astrocytes

A
  • Supports the structure of the brain tissue
  • Help form the BBB
  • Isolate junctional surfaces of synapses
47
Q

Classic view of the roles of the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath of axons

* Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons as a time, where Schwann cells can only do it one at a time

48
Q

Classic view of the roles of microglia

A

Repair nerves following damage or injury

49
Q

Contemporary views to the functions of glia cells

A
  • Control blood flow
  • Help form new synapses (critical to neuron communication)
  • Dendritic pruning and synapse refinement (there’s also synapses on themselves)
  • Receive synapses; absorb and release neuro chemicals (=neurotransmitters)
  • Generate electrical potentials (and maybe action potentials?)
50
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

  • The brain contains ~100 BILLION of them
  • Genetic, molecular and morphological diversity leads to FUNCTIONAL diversity
51
Q

Major components of a neuron

A
  • Dendrites
  • Soma
  • Nucleus
  • Axon
  • Presynaptic terminals
    (*The myelin sheath is an outer layer to the axon made by glia cells)
52
Q

The ____ of dendrites are lined with ____ ____ for bringing ____ to the brain

A

Surfaces; receptor proteins; information

53
Q

Dendritic spine

A

Protrusion that greatly increases the dendrite’s surface area

54
Q

Types of neurons

A

Motor, sensory

55
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • Has soma (in the spinal cord);
  • Receives excitation from other neurons and conduct impulses to a muscle (usually causing contraction)
  • Presynaptic terminals are connected to muscle fiber
56
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • Specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to stimulation
    (*Afferent neurons)
  • Extensively branched sensory endings are imbedded in sensory organs (ex. Skin)
57
Q

Projection neurons

A

Axons projecting outside of the brain structure, where their soma resides

58
Q

Types of projection neurons

A
  • Afferent: Bring info into a structure

- Efferent: Carry info away fro a structure

59
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that have their dendrites and axons completely contained within a single structure (the ones in the brain) responsible for local information exchange

60
Q

Information flow in a neuron

A

Classic view: from anterograde (presynaptic membrane) to retrograde (postsynaptic membrane)
*Can be reversed

61
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

A gap between neurons at a nerve synapse across which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

62
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept

63
Q

Neuron receptors

A

Neurons that receive a message

- pre- or post- synaptic

PSYC 210 Exam I (6 decks)

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