Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 1

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 2

What parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?

Answer 2

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 3

What are the four section of vertebrates from rostral to caudal?

Answer 3

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 4

What parts of the spinal cord are enlarged? Why is this?

Answer 4

Cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement

due to high amounts of motor neurons needed for the arms (cervical) and the legs (lumbosacral)

Question 5

What is the ventricular system?

Answer 5

Made up of the two lateral ventricles on either hemisphere, third ventricle in the middle and the fourth ventricle below
cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
for physical protection, removal of waste products and maintaining concentrations of ions

Question 6

What is grey matter?

Answer 6

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and glia

Question 7

what is white matter?

Answer 7

myelinated axons

Question 8

How is the arrangement of grey and white matter different in the brain versus the spinal cord?

Answer 8

brain: grey matter is on the outside with white matter more medial
spinal cord: white matter is external and grey matter in an X shape on the inside

Question 9

What is a nucleus?

Answer 9

cluster of cell bodies which usually have a specific function

Question 10

what parts of the brain make up the forebrain?

Answer 10

cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 11

Development pathway for the three brain vesicles

Answer 11

Ectoderm > neural plate > neural groove + folds > neural crest (PNS) + neural tube (CNS + ventricular system)

Question 12

What are the three brain vesicles in development of the CNS from rostral to caudal and what do they develop into?

Answer 12

Prosencephalon- forebrain
Mesencephalon- midbrain
Rhombencephalon- hindbrain

Question 13

How does the prosencephalon form the forebrain?

Answer 13

Telencephalon forms the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon forms the thalamus and hypothalamus
Optic vesicles form the optic stalk (optic nerve) and optic cup (retina)

Question 14

Structure of the midbrain from rostral to caudal

Answer 14

tectum, cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum

Question 15

Meaning of afferent and efferent

Answer 15

Afferent- information coming into the CNS

Efferent- information coming out of the CNS

Question 16

What do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems innervate?

Answer 16

Somatic- skeletal muscles

Autonomic- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Question 17

Sympathetic preganglionic/postganglionic neuron structure and neurotransmitters

Answer 17

short preganglionic, long postganglionic
use ACh (nicotinic) at pre, but ACh (nicotinic)/NE/EPI  at post

Question 18

Parasympathetic pregnaglionic/postganglionic neuron structure and neurotransmitters

Answer 18

long preganglionic, short postganglionic
use ACh (nicotinic) at pre, but ACh (muscarinic) at post

Question 19

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

Answer 19

Adenohypophysis- anterior

Neurohypophysis- posterior

Question 20

Sympathetic organisation of the transverse spinal cord from dorsal to ventral

Answer 20

Dorsal horn, intermediate grey zone, intermediolateral cell column (within), lateral horn, ventral horn

Question 21

What are the three types of sections of the brain and what direction are they in?

Answer 21

Horizontal- horizontally from forehead to the back of the head
Coronal- across the middle from ear to ear
Sagittal- down the middle separating the hemispheres
Prefix para means to the side of the middle axis

Question 22

What are the two types of sections of the spinal cord and what direction are they in?

Answer 22

Longitudinal- down the length of it so multiple vertebrae

Transverse- cross section showing only one vertebrae

Question 23

What are the superior and inferior colliculus and where are they located?

Answer 23

Located on the dorsal part of the midbrain
Superior processes visual sensory info
inferior processes auditory sensory info

Question 24

What structures lie within the midbrain?

Answer 24

Tectum, cerebral aqueduct, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, red nucleus

Question 25

What are the three different parts of the cerebral cortex from oldest to newest?

Answer 25

Olfactory cortex, hippocampus, neocortex

Question 26

How can you identify the temporal lobe?

How are the frontal and parietal lobes distinguished from one another?

Answer 26

Large lateral gyri

Central sulcus

Question 27

What are the 6 layers of the neocortex from outermost inwards?

Answer 27

Molecular > external granular > external pyramidal > internal granular < internal pyramidal > fusiform layer

Question 28

What are the cytoarchictectural differences of each neocortex layer?

Answer 28

Molecular- no cell bodies, lots of dendrites and axons
Ext. granular- small granular neurons, Int. granular- similar but slightly larger
Int. pyramidal- large pyramidal cells (can be ones with axons all the way down the spinal cord)
Fusiform- more small neurons

Question 29

Where is the primary motor cortex? What does it do?

Answer 29

Back of the frontal lobe next to the central gyrus

Where upper motor neurons send signals into the spinal cord and rest of body (lower motor neurons)

Question 30

Where is the primary visual cortex? Where is the auditory cortex?

Answer 30

Back of the occipital lobe

Top of the temporal lobe

Question 31

What is in the basal forebrain?

Answer 31

Basal ganglia- involved in the initiation of motor movement

Amygdala- involved in fear and emotions

Question 32

What are the three types of white matter in the brain and what do they all do?

Answer 32

Commisural fibers- go across corpus collosum, connect hemispheres
Projection fibers- links to non-cortical areas
Association fibers- linking areas within a hemiphere

Question 33

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

Master regulator of homeostasis, links body to mind via the ANS and pituitary gland, made of 11 major nuclei

Question 34

What is the limbic lobe and what is its function?

Answer 34

An abstract lobe that is more functional than structural, associated with more complex things like emotions, attention and motivation
Located in the medial part of the neocortex

Question 35

Where is the somatosensory cortex located? What does it do?

Answer 35

Just behind the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

Receives sensory information from all over the body- pain, temperature and touch

Question 36

Why are pregnant woman advised to take folic acid?

Answer 36

Taking folic acid reduces the possibility of the neural tube not closing properly
This reduces the chances of anencephaly and spina bifida

Question 37

What parts of the brain are part of the limbic system?

Answer 37

Cortex of cingulate gyrus
Cortex on medial aspect of temporal lobe
Hippocampus

Question 38

What is anencephaly?

Answer 38

Birth defect when a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull due to the neural tube failing to close at the top

Question 39

What controls breathing?

Answer 39

Pons

Medulla

Question 40

What are the different parts of the hypothalamus?

Answer 40

Lateral and medial

Question 41

How does the adenohypophysis work?

Answer 41

Troph cells are stimulated by releasing hormones from parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamus

Question 42

How does the neurohypophysis work?

Answer 42

Releases hormones from magnocellular neurons directly into systemic circulation

Question 43

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 43

Carries information to and from the cerebral cortex

Question 44

What does the anterior hypothalamus control?

Answer 44

Sleep

Question 45

What does the lateral hypothalamus control?

Answer 45

Hunger