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Introduction to neuroscience > Emotions, memory and sleep > Flashcards

Emotions, memory and sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What does orexigenic and anorexigenic mean?

A

Orexigenic- stimulate eating and are used when hungry

Anorexigenic- suppress apetite and are used when full

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2
Q

What are the 4 F’s?

A

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Mating

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3
Q

How does leptin work?

A

Released by body fat
Anorexigenic- causes the ardate nucleus to release POMC/aMSH/CART
This inhibits the lateral hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone produced by fat that reduces fat

Increases metabolic rate and inhibits the lateral hypothalamus to signal to eat

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5
Q

What does the amygdala control?

A

The amygdala has an important role in fear

Also related to aggression

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6
Q

What are the different types of aggression and what parts of the brain control this?

A

Affective aggression is related to defense and fighting enemies, controlled by medial hypothalamus
Predatory aggression is more primal and it linked to the obtaining of food, controlled by lateral hypothalamus

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7
Q

Electrical stimulation of what part of the hypothalamus causes aggression?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus,

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8
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Available to the conscious mind

Can be encoded in symbols and language

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9
Q

Procedural memory

A

Skills and associations largely unavailable to the conscious mind

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10
Q

What is explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit- memory that can be consciously recalled

Implicit- memory that cannot be consciously recalled (procedural memory, classical conditioning, priming)

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11
Q

Memory duration types

A

Immediate memory- a few seconds
Short term memory- seconds or minutes, also known as working memory
Long term memory- weeks, months, years

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12
Q

What does electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe result in when it comes to memory?

A

Hallucinations and recollection of past experiences

Epileptic seizures- complex sensations and memories

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13
Q

How is the pre-frontal cortex involved in memory?

A

Working memory

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14
Q

How is the amygdala involved in memory?

A

Multiple processed sensory units (smell)

Responsible for implicit, emotional/learnt fear

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15
Q

How is the hippocampus involved in memory?

A

Responsible for converting short term memory into long term
Also declarative memory
Lesions in the hippocampus impair memory

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16
Q

How is the cerebellum involved in memory?

A

Procedural and sensorimotor memory

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17
Q

In what cases is the hippocampus enlarged?

A

People who’s jobs require good spatial memory

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18
Q

How does memory change synapses?

A

Synaptic strength changes
Facilitation or depression changes the amplitude of the action potentials
Can be short or long term

19
Q

How was aplysia californica used to demonstrate associativity?

A

Repeated gentle stimuli to siphon causes reduced gill withdrawal- habituation
When paired tail pinch with siphon touch this reestablished the siphon reflex
Whole process is called long term sensitisation

20
Q

How does long term potentiation occur?

A

Evidence suggests a postsynaptic event
Most indicates a critical role for Ca2+
Involves trafficking of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane

21
Q

How is sleep defined behaviorally?

A

Reduced motor activity
reduced response to stimulation
stereotypical postures
relatively easy reversibility

22
Q

What are the three main ways physiological activity can be recorded? What do they measure?

A

Electromyography- muscle movements
Electro-oculography- eye movements (potential difference between retina and cornea)
Electroencephalogrpahy- brain activity

23
Q

How does an electroencephalogram work?

A

Measures the synchronous electrical activity from large populations of neurons in the brain
Electrodes placed on the scalp detect these electrical fields, linked to an amplifier and a monitor

24
Q

What are the main types of brain wave picked up by EEG?

A

Alpha, beta, theta, delta

25
Q

What are the main characteristics of non-REM sleep?

A

Neuronal activity is low, not much AP firing
Metabolic rate and brain temp are at their lowest
Heart rate and blood pressure low, decreased sympathetic NS outflow and increased parasympathetic
Muscle tone and reflexes are intact

26
Q

What is the first stage of non-REM sleep? What happens?

A

Drowsiness- awakens easily, eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows
Many people experience muscle spasms paired with a sensation of falling
EEG- low voltage activity, mixed frequencies and mostly theta waves

27
Q

What is the second stage of non-REM sleep? What happens?

A

Light sleep- eye movement stops, begins to prepare for deep sleep, body temp drops and heart rate slows
bursts of sinusoidal waves called sleep spindles
biphasic waves called K complexes

28
Q

What does an EEG look like during stage 2 of non-REM sleep?

A

Characterized by bursts of sinusoidal waves called sleep spindles and biphasic waves called K complexes

29
Q

What is the third stage of non-REM sleep? What happens?

A

Deep sleep- extremely low delta waves interspersed with smaller faster waves
Sleepwalking, nightmares, talking in sleep, parasomnia occur in the transition between non-REM and REM

30
Q

What is the fourth stage of non-REM sleep? What happens?

A

Very deep sleep- brain produces delta waves almost exclusively
Disorientation for several minutes after arousal during this stage

31
Q

In humans, stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep are also called what?

A

Slow wave sleep

32
Q

What is the fifth stage (REM)?

A

EEG mimics wakefulness
Closed eyes move rapidly from side to side, could be related to intense dream/brain activity
Low voltage mixed frequency brain waves- paradoxical sleep

33
Q

What happens physiologically in REM sleep?

A

Brain temp and metabolic rate rise- consistent with increased neuronal activity
All skeletal muscles are atonic- flaccid and paralyzed
Muscles controlling movements of eyes, inner ear ossicles and diaphragm remain active

34
Q

How much time is there between the first stage and the end of REM?

A

90-110 minutes

35
Q

What proportion of total sleep is spent in each stage?

A

Stage 1: 5%
Stage 2: 50-60%
Stages 3 and 4: 15-20%
REM: 20-25%

36
Q

How does the time spent in each stage change throughout the night?

A

During each cycle stages 3 and 4 decrease and REM increases

37
Q

How is sleep regulated in the nervous system?

A

Diffuse modulatory system controls rhythmic behavior in the thalamus
Inhibition of motor neurons

38
Q

How is wakefulness stimulated?

A

Activation of neurons in brain stem precedes awakening
Stimulation of brainstem causes awakening
Depolarizing effect

39
Q

What happens in the nervous system during non-REM sleep?

A

Decrease of firing in the brainstem
Spindles- correlated activity in the thalamus
Delta rhythms are from activity in the thalamus

40
Q

What happens in the nervous system during REM sleep?

A

Fairly similar firing to when awake apart from early sensory systems
No activity in frontal lobe, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus
Inhibition of motor neurons

41
Q

What are the different theories on dreaming?

A

Strange imagery due to brain not fully functioning
Exercising synapses without any external activity
Memory consolidation
Circuit testing

42
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Sleep-wakefulness patterns following periodicity of around 24 hours
modulated by external timing cues that adapt the rhythm to the environment

43
Q

What part of the brain acts as the internal clock? How does it do this according to light?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus

Regulates the timing of sleep, not sleep itself

Introduction to neuroscience (8 decks)

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