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Psychology and Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Where on the Neuroaxis is the dorsal part of the brain in regards to the dorsal part of the body?

A

90 degrees

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2
Q

neuroaxis

A

an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord through the brain

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3
Q

the 4 anaotomical directions and their 2 names of eachother

A
  1. Rostral/anterior structures are located toward the head
  2. Caudal/posterior structures are located toward the tail.
    1. EX: dogs hips and caudal to its shoulders
  3. Dorsal/superior structures are located toward the back.
  4. Ventral/inferior structures are located toward the belly
  • Brain is different directions
  • Superior- towards the top
  • Inferior- towards the feet
  • Anterior- towards the front
  • Posterior- towards the rear
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4
Q

draw the brain and body and label the 4 directions of each

A
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5
Q

Planes of section in the brain

A
  1. Coronal (frontal) sections divide the brain from front to back (parallel to the face).
  2. Horizontal (axial) sections divide the brain from top to bottom.
  3. Sagittal sections are parallel to the midline (between the ears) and give us a “side” view of the brain.
  4. Midsagittal – sagittal section dividing the brain along the midline, creating 2 approximately equal halves
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6
Q

Protection of the Brain

A
  1. Bone
  2. Meninges
  3. CSF
  4. BBB
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7
Q

Meninges

A
  • Three layers in the central nervous system (CNS):
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
  • Only two layers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS): dura and pia
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8
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Out most layer of the meninges
  • Kind of a mother swaddling baby, so it’s the blanket that swaddles the brain
  • Leather like
  • CNS & PNS
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9
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A
  • Spider-weblike
  • Only CNS
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10
Q

Pia Matter

A
  • Clear membrane that wraps around the brain
  • CNS & PNS
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11
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Produces and distributes CSF

  • Lateral- lateral from midline
  • Central canal- continuation for 4th ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct- connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
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12
Q

choroid plexus

A

clusters of capillary blood versicles which line the ventricles and secretes the cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

CSF

A
  • Created by choroid plexus
  • Acts as a cushion
  • Passes through:
    • 2 lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere)
    • 3rd ventricle
    • 4th ventricle
      • Both in brainstem
  • 4th is continuous with the Central canal of the spinal cord
    • allows CSF to enter the subarachnoid space
  • Leaves through the subarachnoid space/4th ventricle
  • CNS and not PNS
  • contained in the cerebral aqueduct
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14
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Found in babies
  • Too much water on head instead of brain matter caused by a blockage
  • Prevents growth of brain
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15
Q

The Brain’s Blood Supply

A
  • No connected with fluid at all
  • Vertebral artery- comes from back of the skull
  • Ceratoid artery- oxygen blood vesicles up sides of neck to supply the brain
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16
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Prevents toxins that are in the blood from getting in the brain
  • No gaps between cells creating capillary in the brain
  • astrocytes
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17
Q

The Central Nervous System

A

includes the brain and the spinal cord

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18
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System

A

the nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body

1.

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19
Q

What’s the difference, recovery wise, if the CNS or PNS gets damaged?

A

The CNS can’t recover,

The PNS and damaged nerves can regenerate and recover function

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20
Q

What does the Spinal cord consist of?

A
  1. Vertebrael Column
  2. Central Canal
  3. Spinal Nerves
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21
Q

Vertebral column

A

the bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord

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22
Q

Central canal

A
  • in the center of the spinal cord
  • Sensory enters through here with dorsal horns
  • Filled with CSF
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23
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • exit between the bones of the vertebral column
  • Motor nerves exit through the ventral horns
  • considered a mixed nerve
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24
Q

5 Nerve types in spine

A
  1. Cervical nerves- 8 of them that serve the area of the head neck and arms
  2. Thoracic nerves-12, serve most of the torso
  3. Lumbar nerves- 5, serve the lower back and legs
  4. Sacral nerves-5 serve the back of the legs and genitals
  5. Coccygeal Nerve-
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25
Q

How many segments and nerve types are there in the spine?

A

31 segments and five nerve types

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26
Q

White matter

A
  • made up of nerve fibers known as axons, the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons
  • Outside
  • The white look is from the mylein
  • Axons from sensory neurons carry sensory information up the dorsal parts of the spinal cord
  • axons from motor neurons carry movement and travel information in the ventral parts of the spinal cord
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27
Q

grey matter

A
  • consists of areas primarily made up of cell bodies
  • Inside
  • Butterfly/H shaped
  • the neurons found in the dorsal horns of the H receive sensory input
  • neurons in the ventral horns of the H pass motor information onto the muscles
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28
Q

ventral horn cells

A

participate in either voluntary movement or spinal reflexes

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29
Q

Reflexes

A
  • an involuntary action or response
  • Help us sit and stand and not fall
  1. patellar reflex
  2. withdrawal reflex
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30
Q

patellar reflex

A
  • the knee jerk reflex.
    • managed by two neurons:
    • one neuron processes sensory information coming into the cord from the muscle receptors
    • this neuron communicates with a spinal motor neuron that responds to input by contracting the muscle causing your foot to kick
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31
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

a spinal reflex that pulls body part away from a source of pain. Produces a very rapid movement

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32
Q

Plegia

A
  • damage to the spinal cord results in a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary movement in parts of the body served by nerves located below the damaged area
    • EX: loss of bladder and bowel control due to loss of innervation of sphincter muscles.
  • Paraplegic- legs
  • Quadriplegic- legs and arms
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33
Q

Brain Divisions

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
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34
Q

Hindbrain

A

the most caudal division of the brain including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Contains:

  1. Medulla/Myelencephalon
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Metencephalon/Pons
  4. Cerebellum
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35
Q

Midbrain/Mesencephalon

A
  1. Mesencephalon
  2. Tectum
  3. Tegmentum
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
  5. periaqueductal grey
  6. Motor Nuclei
  7. Colicoli’s
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36
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Diencephalon:
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
      • pituitary
  • Telencephalon:
    • Left and right cerebral hemispheres
    • limbic system
    • cerebrum
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37
Q

Medulla/Myelencephalon

A

The gradual swelling of tissue above the cervical spinal cord marks the most caudal portion of the brain

  • The vast majority of all information passing to and from higher structures of the brain passes through the medulla
  • Contains a lot of nuclei or collections of cell bodies with a shared function
  • damage to the medulla is fatal
  • mostly white matter of spinal nerves.
  • Also: Cranial nerve nuclei and nuclei of autonomic functions: breathing heart rate, blood pressure – so damage to this area is fatal
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38
Q
A
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39
Q

reticular formation

A
  • a collection of brainstem nuclei located near the midline from rostral
    • Reticular formation (because if you see the whole structure it look like a net – reticulum in Latin) – sleep and arousal.
    • Form many connections with the thalamus
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40
Q

Pons

A
  • in the Metencephalon
  • rostral to the medulla
  • Forms connections between the medulla and higher brain centers
  • Breathing and sensory control center
  • contain nuclei
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41
Q
  1. cochlear nucleus
  2. vestibular nucleus
  3. Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus
A
  • cochlear nucleus- receives information about sound from the inner ear
  • vestibular nucleus- Cell bodies that receive input about the location and movement of head from sensory neurons in the inner ear
    • balance
  • Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus- influence mood, arousal, and sleep and project widely to the rest of the brain

ALL WITHIN PONS

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42
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Little brain
  • contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined
  • resembles a tree as white matter axons form trunk and branches and grey matter or neural cell bodies form leaves
  • voluntary movements, muscle tone, regulating balance
  • Executive functions an emotional processing

Cerebellum traditionally associated with movement, but increasing understanding of its involvement in a wide range of cognitive functions

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43
Q

Tectum

A
  • roof, dorsal top-half
    • Tectum – “roof”
    • auditory and visual reflexes
    • In humans, this is comprised of
      • The superior colliculus
      • The inferior colliculus
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44
Q

The superior colliculus

The inferior colliculus

A

Dorsal Surface of Midbrain 4 bumps:

1. 1+2 The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual processing and control of eye movements – not conscious seeing

2. 3+4 The inferior colliculus is involved in auditory processing – location of sounds. It receives input from various brain stem nuclei and projects to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which relays auditory information to the primary auditory cortex

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45
Q

Tegmentum

A
  • covering, ventral bottom half
  • a motor center that relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement.
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46
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

small channel running along the midline of the brain that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles. where CSF is contained

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47
Q

periaqueductal grey

A

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain

  • large number of receptors
  • peri means around
  • contains most rostral portion of the reticular formation and a number of nuclei associated with cranial nerves
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48
Q

Motor Nuclei

A
  • red nucleus-a structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum
  • substantia nigra-midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basil glinge area of the forebrain
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49
Q

Thalamus

A
  • located in the Diencephalon
  • Processes sensory information/sensory control center, contributes to states of arousal, and participate in learning and memory
  • Reticular formation and cortex for many connections
  • Damage results in a coma and seizures
  • Location: Rostral end of brainstem
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50
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Controls the hormone/endocrine system/ANS(gland area), Participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression.
  • Part of limbic system
  • Directly connected to the pituitary gland
    • Hormones are released
  • Fight or flight
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51
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • The telencephalon is also known as the cerebrum, and it consists of the largest part of the brain (it makes up about 85% of the total weight of the brain). It contains the cerebral hemispheres, and thus includes the cerebral cortex and a number of other structures lying below it (subcortical structures), along with a variety of important fiber bundles like the corpus callosum
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52
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Spinal Nerves
  3. Automatic Nervous system
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53
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • Location: are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem)
  • Function: Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.
  • The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • 12 cranial nerves enter and exit the brain
    • 10th cranial nerve is Vagus nerve and goes all the way into our stomach and important for intenal organs
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54
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • Spinal nerves emerge sequentially from the spinal cord with the spinal nerve closest to the head emerging in the space above the first cervical vertebra
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord to provide sensory and motor pathways to the body
  • only have 2/3 layers of meninges- dura and pia matter
  • CSF doesn’t surround spinal nerves
  • 2 Kinds: entering and exiting from head
    • Sensory- entering (afferent) are outside spinal cord, dorsal
    • Motor- exists (efferent) grey matter which are inside the spinal cord, ventral
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55
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies of sensory/afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord

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56
Q

Mixed Nerve

A
  • Mixed nerve- Spinal nerves, because it contains afferent and efferent or sensory and motor neurons
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57
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Provides sensory and motor innervation to glands, organs and smooth muscle
  • Heart, lungs, digestive system, and other breathings are commanded by the ASN. as well as reflex if behaviors like sneezing coughing vomiting and more. AKA cruise control
  • Three parts:
    • Sympathetic nervous system
    • parasympathetic nervous system
    • Enteric nervous system
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58
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Copes with emergencies and sit back preparing the body for action, arousal
  • Fight or flight system
    • Puts blood in and oxygen into the most necessary parts of the body. Puts salvation and digesting on standby
    • should you be cut, you will not bleed very badly as blood vessels near the skin’s surface are constricted to large muscle groups
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59
Q

Sympathetic chain

A
  • a string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord who is axons communicate/receive input from the sympathetic neurons in the CNS and that communicate with target organs
    • The chaining provides coordination for concerted, coordinated efforts.
    • Messages from spinal neurons arrive at the same time So the sympathetic chain arrives at all the target organs simultaneously
      • Essential for survival
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60
Q

How does the body know whether a sympathetic or parasympathetic input is being received?

A
  • the chemical messengers is what identifies them:
  • this system of my chemical messengers is critical for example if the heart is stimulated by ACH it will slow if it is stimulated by norephedrine it will speed up
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61
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Rest & Digest
  • While you’re sympathetic nervous system is using the energy the stored energy is provided by the parasympathetic nervous system as its job is to provide rest, repair, and energy storage
  • Location is above and below the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord, in the brain and sacral divisions of the spinal cord
  • Because the timing is not important a sympathetic chain is not needed
  • The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system by way of connections in the midbrain tegmentum.
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62
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A
  • Contains a lot of neurons. The number of neurons is almost equivalent to the spinal cord
  • some of the functions contribute to conscious sensations like pain hunger and satisfaction. The rest of its work remains below the level of conscious awareness
  • hormones at like serotonin are released through the N trick nervous system
  • Neurons embedded in the lining of the gastro intestinal system
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63
Q

The Endocrine System

A
  • The hypothalamus directly controls the release of hormones by the glands making up the endocrine system. Including the pinyol gland the pituitary gland the thyroid glands the adrenal glands and the ice let’s of languor hands in the pancreas
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64
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A
  • Frontal – most anterior region
  • Parietal – lies between the frontal and occipital lobes
  • Occipital – posterior region, visual processing
  • Temporal – lateral region, auditory processing
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65
Q

Boundaries between lobes

A
  • Sylvian fissure – boundary of the temporal lobe
  • Central sulcus – divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  • Postcentral gyrus – a strip of cortex behind the central cortex, important for touch
  • Precentral gyrus – in the frontal lobe, important for motor control
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66
Q

Strokes

A
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67
Q

Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus

A

influence mood, arousal, and sleep and project widely to the rest of the brain

Other pontine (“in the pons”) nuclei contain cells that produce and deliver special neurotransmitters that affect general brain states – raphe nuclei for Serotonin and locus ceruleus for Norepinephrine

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68
Q

Basil ganglia/Corpus Striatum FUNCTION

A
  • A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of motor movements
    • Enables the execution of motor programs stored by the cortex

degeneration occurs in Parkinson’s & Huntington’s and produces disorders of movement and Psych and ADHD and OCD

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69
Q

Ganglia

A

a general term for collection of cell bodies

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70
Q

Basal ganglia nuclei

A
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum (bc its ventral to the rest)
  • called corpus striatum because they are striped
  • Substantia nigra is closely connected so it’s considered a part
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71
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Four structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning
      1. Hippocampus
      1. Amygdala
      1. Hypothalamus
      1. Cingulate cortex
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72
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Location: At the midline in the four brain and at temporal lobe
  • Function: learning and memory
  • Degradation: as a result of stress can have memory loss called anterograde amnesia- can’t learn NEW facts/language/personal experience
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73
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Location: anterior end of hippocampus, rostral temporal lobes
  • Function: emotion, fear, rage, aggression, and motivation
  • Degradation: abnormal emotional calmness, and an inability to respond appropriately two dangerous situations. Autism
  • The Amygdala interacts with the hippocampus during the encoding and storage of emotional memories.
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74
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A
  • Location: dorsal to the corpus callosum, inner surface of the cerebral hemispheres
  • Function: fold of cortical tissue that contains nerve cells and have two types:
    • Anterior CC- decision making, action, emotion, anticipation for reward, empathy
    • Posterior CC- eye movements, spatial orientation, and memory
      • degradation: Alzheimer’s disease
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75
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A
  • receive and process emotional information about smell
    • Location: base of the forebrain
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76
Q

anterior commissure

A

small band of axons keeping two hemipsheres connected

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77
Q

The Cortex

A
  • outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, thin layer of gray matter, contain the cerebral hemispheres
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78
Q

Gyri

A

hills of the cortex

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79
Q

Sulci/fissures

A

valleys of the cortex (fissures are deep)

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80
Q

Fissure

A
  • a large sulcus that are the boundries of the temporal lobe and frontal/parietal
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81
Q

Central sulcus

A
  • – divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  • it is wrinkled because it provides more surface area for cortical cells.

Cells are organized in layers: (numbered from outer to inner

82
Q

Layers of the Cortex

A
  • Layer I- no cell bodies, made up of nerve fibers of the cells forming connections with other layers
    • Has no grey matter
  • Layers II and IV- lots of Granule cells
  • Layers III and V- large numbers of pyramidal cells
    • provide most of the output from an area of the cortex to other parts of the nervous system
  • Layer VI- many types of neurons which merge into the white matter below the cortical layers
83
Q

Grey and white matter

A
  • Grey matter- outside, cell bodies
  • White matter- inside/underneath- axons
    • Underneath layer 6
  • EXACT OPPOSITE FOR SPINE- because of structure and function. There are different functions for the brain and the spine.
84
Q

Granule Cell

A
  • Their short axons do not leave the cortex.
    • Granule/Stellate cells are the principal interneurons/Multipolar of the neocortex
    • Smaller
    • Wide assortment of shapes
85
Q

Pyramidal cell

A
  • shaped like a pyramid and are aligned organized way and do not cancel each other out.
    • Have long axons that leave the cortex to reach either other cortical areas or to various subcortical sites.
    • Therefore, pyramidal cells are the principal output neurons
    • Really important for EEG’s
    • Schizophrenia has unorganized pyramidal cells
    • huge
86
Q

Frontal lobe

A

rostral of the lobes. Caudal boundary is marked by central sulcus

  • it can localize a number of specific functions in areas of the cerebral cortex
  • higher level cognitive processes like planning of behavior attention and judgment
  • Sensory and motor information is lateralized (and flipped!).
  • Language and logical thought: typically left hemisphere.
  • Intuitive, spatial processing > right hemisphere.
87
Q

Parietal

A

on the other side of the central sulcus

sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. It is home to the brain’s primary somatic sensory cortex (see image 2), a region where the brain interprets input from other areas of the body

88
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

ventral direction, separated from the frontal lobe by lateral sulcus

processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

89
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

back of the cortex

visual processing area of the brain

90
Q

Insula

A

the cortex located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal parietal and temporal lobes. Referred to as the 5th lobe.

91
Q

longitudinal Fissure

A

separating the two cerebral hemispheres along the dorsal midline, opposite of corpus collosum

92
Q

sensory cortex

A
  • Primary visual cortex: occipital
  • primary auditory cortex: temporal

primary sodemosensory cortex: post central gyrus of the parietal, highest level of processing for information about touch, pain, position, and skin temperature

93
Q

motor cortex

A
  • primary motor cortex: located in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
    • Precentral gyrus – in the frontal lobe, important for motor control
  • Both hemispheres have all lobes and structures. So, we have two thalamus’s
94
Q

association cortex

A

Regions of cerebral cortex providing more complex processing of sensory information

95
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A
    • located to the top and side of the frontal lobes
      • attention and working memory and planning of behavior
      • damaged: apathy, personality change, and lack of ability to plan
96
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • -located above and behind the eyes
    • control and delayed gratification
    • damaged: emotional disturbances and impulsiveness, serial killers
  • both of these maintain extensive reciprocal connections with the limbic system, the basil ganglia, and other parts of the cortex
97
Q

Broca’s areas

A
  • near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production.
    • left hemisphere
    • Damage: difficulty speaking
98
Q

Akinetopsia ​

A
  • motion blindness.

Two relevant visual areas for motion processing which might be damaged: V5 and V1. (ASK ABOUT SUPERIOR COLLOCOLI)

99
Q

Agnosia

A

causes the victims to lose the ability to recognize visual objects.

100
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • the inability to recognize faces (even their own face!). The result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in the right fusiform gyrus.
    • All ex of localization of function
101
Q

90 degrees

A

Where on the Neuroaxis is the dorsal part of the brain in regards to the dorsal part of the body?

102
Q

an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord through the brain

A

neuroaxis

103
Q
  1. Rostral/anterior structures are located toward the head
  2. Caudal/posterior structures are located toward the tail.
    1. EX: dogs hips and caudal to its shoulders
  3. Dorsal/superior structures are located toward the back.
  4. Ventral/inferior structures are located toward the belly
  • Brain is different directions
  • Superior- towards the top
  • Inferior- towards the feet
  • Anterior- towards the front
  • Posterior- towards the rear
A

the 4 anaotomical directions and their 2 names of eachother

104
Q
A

draw the brain and body and label the 4 directions of each

105
Q
  1. Coronal (frontal) sections divide the brain from front to back (parallel to the face).
  2. Horizontal (axial) sections divide the brain from top to bottom.
  3. Sagittal sections are parallel to the midline (between the ears) and give us a “side” view of the brain.
  4. Midsagittal – sagittal section dividing the brain along the midline, creating 2 approximately equal halves
A

Planes of section in the brain

106
Q
  1. Bone
  2. Meninges
  3. CSF
  4. BBB
A

Protection of the Brain

107
Q
  • Three layers in the central nervous system (CNS):
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
  • Only two layers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS): dura and pia
A

Meninges

108
Q
  • Out most layer of the meninges
  • Kind of a mother swaddling baby, so it’s the blanket that swaddles the brain
  • Leather like
  • CNS & PNS
A

Dura Mater

109
Q
  • Spider-weblike
  • Only CNS
A

Arachnoid Membrane

110
Q
  • Clear membrane that wraps around the brain
  • CNS & PNS
A

Pia Matter

111
Q

Produces and distributes CSF

  • Lateral- lateral from midline
  • Central canal- continuation for 4th ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct- connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
A

Ventricles of the brain

112
Q

clusters of capillary blood versicles which line the ventricles and secretes the cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

113
Q
  • Created by choroid plexus
  • Acts as a cushion
  • Passes through:
    • 2 lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere)
    • 3rd ventricle
    • 4th ventricle
      • Both in brainstem
  • 4th is continuous with the Central canal of the spinal cord
    • allows CSF to enter the subarachnoid space
  • Leaves through the subarachnoid space/4th ventricle
  • CNS and not PNS
  • contained in the cerebral aqueduct
A

CSF

114
Q
  • Found in babies
  • Too much water on head instead of brain matter caused by a blockage
  • Prevents growth of brain
A

Hydrocephalus

115
Q
  • No connected with fluid at all
  • Vertebral artery- comes from back of the skull
  • Ceratoid artery- oxygen blood vesicles up sides of neck to supply the brain
A

The Brain’s Blood Supply

116
Q
  • Prevents toxins that are in the blood from getting in the brain
  • No gaps between cells creating capillary in the brain
  • astrocytes
A

Blood Brain Barrier

117
Q

includes the brain and the spinal cord

A

The Central Nervous System

118
Q

the nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body

1.

A

The Peripheral Nervous System

119
Q

The CNS can’t recover,

The PNS and damaged nerves can regenerate and recover function

A

What’s the difference, recovery wise, if the CNS or PNS gets damaged?

120
Q
  1. Vertebrael Column
  2. Central Canal
  3. Spinal Nerves
A

What does the Spinal cord consist of?

121
Q

the bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord

A

Vertebral column

122
Q
  • in the center of the spinal cord
  • Sensory enters through here with dorsal horns
  • Filled with CSF
A

Central canal

123
Q
  • exit between the bones of the vertebral column
  • Motor nerves exit through the ventral horns
  • considered a mixed nerve
A

Spinal nerves

124
Q
  1. Cervical nerves- 8 of them that serve the area of the head neck and arms
  2. Thoracic nerves-12, serve most of the torso
  3. Lumbar nerves- 5, serve the lower back and legs
  4. Sacral nerves-5 serve the back of the legs and genitals
  5. Coccygeal Nerve-
A

5 Nerve types in spine

125
Q

31 segments and five nerve types

A

How many segments and nerve types are there in the spine?

126
Q
  • made up of nerve fibers known as axons, the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons
  • Outside
  • The white look is from the mylein
  • Axons from sensory neurons carry sensory information up the dorsal parts of the spinal cord
  • axons from motor neurons carry movement and travel information in the ventral parts of the spinal cord
A

White matter

127
Q
  • consists of areas primarily made up of cell bodies
  • Inside
  • Butterfly/H shaped
  • the neurons found in the dorsal horns of the H receive sensory input
  • neurons in the ventral horns of the H pass motor information onto the muscles
A

grey matter

128
Q

participate in either voluntary movement or spinal reflexes

A

ventral horn cells

129
Q
  • an involuntary action or response
  • Help us sit and stand and not fall
  1. patellar reflex
  2. withdrawal reflex
A

Reflexes

130
Q
  • the knee jerk reflex.
    • managed by two neurons:
    • one neuron processes sensory information coming into the cord from the muscle receptors
    • this neuron communicates with a spinal motor neuron that responds to input by contracting the muscle causing your foot to kick
A

patellar reflex

131
Q

a spinal reflex that pulls body part away from a source of pain. Produces a very rapid movement

A

withdrawal reflex

132
Q
  • damage to the spinal cord results in a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary movement in parts of the body served by nerves located below the damaged area
    • EX: loss of bladder and bowel control due to loss of innervation of sphincter muscles.
  • Paraplegic- legs
  • Quadriplegic- legs and arms
A

Plegia

133
Q
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
A

Brain Divisions

134
Q

the most caudal division of the brain including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Contains:

  1. Medulla/Myelencephalon
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Metencephalon/Pons
  4. Cerebellum
A

Hindbrain

135
Q
  1. Mesencephalon
  2. Tectum
  3. Tegmentum
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
  5. periaqueductal grey
  6. Motor Nuclei
  7. Colicoli’s
A

Midbrain/Mesencephalon

136
Q
  • Diencephalon:
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
      • pituitary
  • Telencephalon:
    • Left and right cerebral hemispheres
    • limbic system
    • cerebrum
A

Forebrain

137
Q

The gradual swelling of tissue above the cervical spinal cord marks the most caudal portion of the brain

  • The vast majority of all information passing to and from higher structures of the brain passes through the medulla
  • Contains a lot of nuclei or collections of cell bodies with a shared function
  • damage to the medulla is fatal
  • mostly white matter of spinal nerves.
  • Also: Cranial nerve nuclei and nuclei of autonomic functions: breathing heart rate, blood pressure – so damage to this area is fatal
A

Medulla/Myelencephalon

138
Q
A
139
Q
  • a collection of brainstem nuclei located near the midline from rostral
    • Reticular formation (because if you see the whole structure it look like a net – reticulum in Latin) – sleep and arousal.
    • Form many connections with the thalamus
A

reticular formation

140
Q
  • in the Metencephalon
  • rostral to the medulla
  • Forms connections between the medulla and higher brain centers
  • Breathing and sensory control center
  • contain nuclei
A

Pons

141
Q
  • cochlear nucleus- receives information about sound from the inner ear
  • vestibular nucleus- Cell bodies that receive input about the location and movement of head from sensory neurons in the inner ear
    • balance
  • Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus- influence mood, arousal, and sleep and project widely to the rest of the brain

ALL WITHIN PONS

A
  1. cochlear nucleus
  2. vestibular nucleus
  3. Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus
142
Q
  • Little brain
  • contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined
  • resembles a tree as white matter axons form trunk and branches and grey matter or neural cell bodies form leaves
  • voluntary movements, muscle tone, regulating balance
  • Executive functions an emotional processing

Cerebellum traditionally associated with movement, but increasing understanding of its involvement in a wide range of cognitive functions

A

Cerebellum

143
Q
  • roof, dorsal top-half
    • Tectum – “roof”
    • auditory and visual reflexes
    • In humans, this is comprised of
      • The superior colliculus
      • The inferior colliculus
A

Tectum

144
Q

Dorsal Surface of Midbrain 4 bumps:

1. 1+2 The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual processing and control of eye movements – not conscious seeing

2. 3+4 The inferior colliculus is involved in auditory processing – location of sounds. It receives input from various brain stem nuclei and projects to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which relays auditory information to the primary auditory cortex

A

The superior colliculus

The inferior colliculus

145
Q
  • covering, ventral bottom half
  • a motor center that relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement.
A

Tegmentum

146
Q

small channel running along the midline of the brain that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles. where CSF is contained

A

Cerebral aqueduct

147
Q

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain

  • large number of receptors
  • peri means around
  • contains most rostral portion of the reticular formation and a number of nuclei associated with cranial nerves
A

periaqueductal grey

148
Q
  • red nucleus-a structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum
  • substantia nigra-midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basil glinge area of the forebrain
A

Motor Nuclei

149
Q
  • located in the Diencephalon
  • Processes sensory information/sensory control center, contributes to states of arousal, and participate in learning and memory
  • Reticular formation and cortex for many connections
  • Damage results in a coma and seizures
  • Location: Rostral end of brainstem
A

Thalamus

150
Q
  • Controls the hormone/endocrine system/ANS(gland area), Participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression.
  • Part of limbic system
  • Directly connected to the pituitary gland
    • Hormones are released
  • Fight or flight
A

Hypothalamus

151
Q
  • The telencephalon is also known as the cerebrum, and it consists of the largest part of the brain (it makes up about 85% of the total weight of the brain). It contains the cerebral hemispheres, and thus includes the cerebral cortex and a number of other structures lying below it (subcortical structures), along with a variety of important fiber bundles like the corpus callosum
A

Telencephalon

152
Q
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Spinal Nerves
  3. Automatic Nervous system
A

Peripheral Nervous System

153
Q
  • Location: are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem)
  • Function: Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.
  • The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • 12 cranial nerves enter and exit the brain
    • 10th cranial nerve is Vagus nerve and goes all the way into our stomach and important for intenal organs
A

Cranial Nerves

154
Q
  • Spinal nerves emerge sequentially from the spinal cord with the spinal nerve closest to the head emerging in the space above the first cervical vertebra
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord to provide sensory and motor pathways to the body
  • only have 2/3 layers of meninges- dura and pia matter
  • CSF doesn’t surround spinal nerves
  • 2 Kinds: entering and exiting from head
    • Sensory- entering (afferent) are outside spinal cord, dorsal
    • Motor- exists (efferent) grey matter which are inside the spinal cord, ventral
A

Spinal Nerves

155
Q

a collection of cell bodies of sensory/afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord

A

dorsal root ganglion

156
Q
  • Mixed nerve- Spinal nerves, because it contains afferent and efferent or sensory and motor neurons
A

Mixed Nerve

157
Q
  • Provides sensory and motor innervation to glands, organs and smooth muscle
  • Heart, lungs, digestive system, and other breathings are commanded by the ASN. as well as reflex if behaviors like sneezing coughing vomiting and more. AKA cruise control
  • Three parts:
    • Sympathetic nervous system
    • parasympathetic nervous system
    • Enteric nervous system
A

Autonomic Nervous System

158
Q
  • Copes with emergencies and sit back preparing the body for action, arousal
  • Fight or flight system
    • Puts blood in and oxygen into the most necessary parts of the body. Puts salvation and digesting on standby
    • should you be cut, you will not bleed very badly as blood vessels near the skin’s surface are constricted to large muscle groups
A

Sympathetic Nervous System

159
Q
  • a string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord who is axons communicate/receive input from the sympathetic neurons in the CNS and that communicate with target organs
    • The chaining provides coordination for concerted, coordinated efforts.
    • Messages from spinal neurons arrive at the same time So the sympathetic chain arrives at all the target organs simultaneously
      • Essential for survival
A

Sympathetic chain

160
Q
  • the chemical messengers is what identifies them:
  • this system of my chemical messengers is critical for example if the heart is stimulated by ACH it will slow if it is stimulated by norephedrine it will speed up
A

How does the body know whether a sympathetic or parasympathetic input is being received?

161
Q
  • Rest & Digest
  • While you’re sympathetic nervous system is using the energy the stored energy is provided by the parasympathetic nervous system as its job is to provide rest, repair, and energy storage
  • Location is above and below the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord, in the brain and sacral divisions of the spinal cord
  • Because the timing is not important a sympathetic chain is not needed
  • The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system by way of connections in the midbrain tegmentum.
A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

162
Q
  • Contains a lot of neurons. The number of neurons is almost equivalent to the spinal cord
  • some of the functions contribute to conscious sensations like pain hunger and satisfaction. The rest of its work remains below the level of conscious awareness
  • hormones at like serotonin are released through the N trick nervous system
  • Neurons embedded in the lining of the gastro intestinal system
A

Enteric Nervous System

163
Q
  • The hypothalamus directly controls the release of hormones by the glands making up the endocrine system. Including the pinyol gland the pituitary gland the thyroid glands the adrenal glands and the ice let’s of languor hands in the pancreas
A

The Endocrine System

164
Q
  • Frontal – most anterior region
  • Parietal – lies between the frontal and occipital lobes
  • Occipital – posterior region, visual processing
  • Temporal – lateral region, auditory processing
A

cerebral hemisphere

165
Q
  • Sylvian fissure – boundary of the temporal lobe
  • Central sulcus – divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  • Postcentral gyrus – a strip of cortex behind the central cortex, important for touch
  • Precentral gyrus – in the frontal lobe, important for motor control
A

Boundaries between lobes

166
Q
A

Strokes

167
Q

influence mood, arousal, and sleep and project widely to the rest of the brain

Other pontine (“in the pons”) nuclei contain cells that produce and deliver special neurotransmitters that affect general brain states – raphe nuclei for Serotonin and locus ceruleus for Norepinephrine

A

Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus

168
Q
  • A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of motor movements
    • Enables the execution of motor programs stored by the cortex

degeneration occurs in Parkinson’s & Huntington’s and produces disorders of movement and Psych and ADHD and OCD

A

Basil ganglia/Corpus Striatum FUNCTION

169
Q

a general term for collection of cell bodies

A

Ganglia

170
Q
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum (bc its ventral to the rest)
  • called corpus striatum because they are striped
  • Substantia nigra is closely connected so it’s considered a part
A

Basil ganglia nuclei

171
Q
  • Four structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning
      1. Hippocampus
      1. Amygdala
      1. Hypothalamus
      1. Cingulate cortex
A

Limbic System

172
Q
  • Location: At the midline in the four brain and at temporal lobe
  • Function: learning and memory
  • Degradation: as a result of stress can have memory loss called anterograde amnesia- can’t learn NEW facts/language/personal experience
A

Hippocampus

173
Q
  • Location: anterior end of hippocampus, rostral temporal lobes
  • Function: emotion, fear, rage, aggression, and motivation
  • Degradation: abnormal emotional calmness, and an inability to respond appropriately two dangerous situations. Autism
  • The Amygdala interacts with the hippocampus during the encoding and storage of emotional memories.
A

Amygdala

174
Q
  • Location: dorsal to the corpus callosum, inner surface of the cerebral hemispheres
  • Function: fold of cortical tissue that contains nerve cells and have two types:
    • Anterior CC- decision making, action, emotion, anticipation for reward, empathy
    • Posterior CC- eye movements, spatial orientation, and memory
      • degradation: Alzheimer’s disease
A

Cingulate Cortex

175
Q
  • receive and process emotional information about smell
    • Location: base of the forebrain
A

Olfactory bulbs

176
Q

small band of axons keeping two hemipsheres connected

A

anterior commissure

177
Q
  • outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, thin layer of gray matter, contain the cerebral hemispheres
A

The Cortex

178
Q

hills of the cortex

A

Gyri

179
Q

valleys of the cortex (fissures are deep)

A

Sulci/fissures

180
Q
  • a large sulcus that are the boundries of the temporal lobe and frontal/parietal
A

Fissure

181
Q
  • – divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  • it is wrinkled because it provides more surface area for cortical cells.

Cells are organized in layers: (numbered from outer to inner

A

Central sulcus

182
Q
  • Layer I- no cell bodies, made up of nerve fibers of the cells forming connections with other layers
    • Has no grey matter
  • Layers II and IV- lots of Granule cells
  • Layers III and V- large numbers of pyramidal cells
    • provide most of the output from an area of the cortex to other parts of the nervous system
  • Layer VI- many types of neurons which merge into the white matter below the cortical layers
A

Layers of the Cortex

183
Q
  • Grey matter- outside, cell bodies
  • White matter- inside/underneath- axons
    • Underneath layer 6
  • EXACT OPPOSITE FOR SPINE- because of structure and function. There are different functions for the brain and the spine.
A

Grey and white matter

184
Q
  • Their short axons do not leave the cortex.
    • Granule/Stellate cells are the principal interneurons/Multipolar of the neocortex
    • Smaller
    • Wide assortment of shapes
A

Granule Cell

185
Q
  • shaped like a pyramid and are aligned organized way and do not cancel each other out.
    • Have long axons that leave the cortex to reach either other cortical areas or to various subcortical sites.
    • Therefore, pyramidal cells are the principal output neurons
    • Really important for EEG’s
    • Schizophrenia has unorganized pyramidal cells
    • huge
A

Pyramidal cell

186
Q

rostral of the lobes. Caudal boundary is marked by central sulcus

  • it can localize a number of specific functions in areas of the cerebral cortex
  • higher level cognitive processes like planning of behavior attention and judgment
  • Sensory and motor information is lateralized (and flipped!).
  • Language and logical thought: typically left hemisphere.
  • Intuitive, spatial processing > right hemisphere.
A

Frontal lobe

187
Q

on the other side of the central sulcus

sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. It is home to the brain’s primary somatic sensory cortex (see image 2), a region where the brain interprets input from other areas of the body

A

Parietal

188
Q

ventral direction, separated from the frontal lobe by lateral sulcus

processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

A

Temporal Lobe

189
Q

back of the cortex

visual processing area of the brain

A

Occipital Lobe

190
Q

the cortex located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal parietal and temporal lobes. Referred to as the 5th lobe.

A

Insula

191
Q

separating the two cerebral hemispheres along the dorsal midline, opposite of corpus collosum

A

longitudinal Fissure

192
Q
  • Primary visual cortex: occipital
  • primary auditory cortex: temporal

primary sodemosensory cortex: post central gyrus of the parietal, highest level of processing for information about touch, pain, position, and skin temperature

A

sensory cortex

193
Q
  • primary motor cortex: located in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
    • Precentral gyrus – in the frontal lobe, important for motor control
  • Both hemispheres have all lobes and structures. So, we have two thalamus’s
A

motor cortex

194
Q

Regions of cerebral cortex providing more complex processing of sensory information

A

association cortex

195
Q
    • located to the top and side of the frontal lobes
      • attention and working memory and planning of behavior
      • damaged: apathy, personality change, and lack of ability to plan
A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

196
Q
  • -located above and behind the eyes
    • control and delayed gratification
    • damaged: emotional disturbances and impulsiveness, serial killers
  • both of these maintain extensive reciprocal connections with the limbic system, the basil ganglia, and other parts of the cortex
A

orbitofrontal cortex

197
Q
  • near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production.
    • left hemisphere
    • Damage: difficulty speaking
A

Broca’s areas

198
Q
  • motion blindness.

Two relevant visual areas for motion processing which might be damaged: V5 and V1. (ASK ABOUT SUPERIOR COLLOCOLI)

A

Akinetopsia ​

199
Q

causes the victims to lose the ability to recognize visual objects.

A

Agnosia

200
Q
  • the inability to recognize faces (even their own face!). The result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in the right fusiform gyrus.
    • All ex of localization of function
A

Prosopagnosia

201
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

One of the key roles of the arcuate fasciculus is connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, which are involved in producing and understanding language

Psychology and Neuroscience (8 decks)

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