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Psychology and Neuroscience > Cells and Neurons > Flashcards

Cells and Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous System is made up of what two types of cells?

A
  1. Glia
  2. Neurons
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2
Q

What is the Glia and what does it do?

(gila supports for Nachman)

A

cells in the nervous system that support the activity of neurons

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3
Q

What cells are the two kinds of Glial cells?

A
  1. Macroglia
  2. Microglia
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4
Q

Macroglia and what they contain

A

largest glial cells

  • Astrocytes- Provide support functions to neurons
    • Collect molecules from and isolate synapse
    • Blood brain barrier- keeps blood in brain healthy by blocking the toxins as they wrap tightly
    • Cells in CNS can’t regrow when damaged.
    • Communication- can release chemicals and ATP, and can signal nearby neurons to build synapses- a key step in learning
  • Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells- Supplies a myelin covering and insulates axon
    • One oligo can form myelin for 15 neurons, but Schwann which works for PNS only creates enough myelin for one.
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5
Q

Microglia

A
  1. serves as the brain’s cleanup crew
  2. if they detect cell damage like head injury, they’ll go digest the debris
  3. the only con is that sometimes it digests healthy cells which might contribute to things like Alzheimer’s.
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6
Q

What is the structure of a Neuron?

A
  1. Neural membrane
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Cell body (soma)
    1. Can build proteins
  4. Processes
  5. Axons
  6. Dendrites
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7
Q

What is the function of the Neural Membranes?

A

Separates intracellular field/cytoplasm of the interior of cell from the extracellular field of the outside of the cell

  1. Selective- it decides what goes in and out
  2. Creates a constant internal environment
  3. Important in communication (with other cells/environment)
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8
Q

What are the two types of protein structures that control membrane permeability?

A
  1. Ion channels
    1. More passive movement but don’t require energy
    2. Two kinds- voltage and ligand gated channels
  2. Ion pumps
    1. Require energy
    2. Sodium-potassium and calcium pumps.

For both of these, depending on which amino acids make up the ion channel will determine which ions can pass through the membrane

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9
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made out of?

A
  1. Microtubules- movement of materials within the cell
    1. Anterograde transport- movement of materials away from the cell
    2. Retrograde transport- movement towards the cell body
  2. Neurofilaments- parallels to axon and provide structural support
  3. Microfilaments- change shape and length during development
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10
Q

Microtubules

A

movement of materials within the cell

  1. Anterograde transport-movement of materials away from the cell to axon terminal
  2. Retrograde transport- movement from axon terminal towards the cell body
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11
Q

Neurofilaments

A

parallels to axon and provide structural support

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12
Q

Microfilaments

A

change shape and length during development

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13
Q

Tau Protein

A

in healthy body tau holds the microtubules in place. In Alzheimer’s there is too much tau, so we have too much phosphate which causes disconnect of microtubules, and has the neuron collapsing on itself

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14
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

ions are transferred through here

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15
Q

What is in the Neural Cell Body?

A
  1. Nucleas
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Golgi
  4. Mitochondria
  5. ER
  6. Membrane
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16
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Contains DNA that directs cell functions
  • Contains nucleolus which builds organelles known as ribosomes
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17
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Produces proteins either on their own or with ER
  • Proteins are produced on the rough side and then are moved by the smooth one to the Golgi
  • creates protein in nucleolus

Two Types:

  1. Free-floating ribosomes - create proteins for the cell.
    • CREATE PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL
  2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, produces proteins that are exported from the cell.
    • Makes proteins outside the cell
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18
Q

Golgi

A
  1. Inserts completed proteins into vesicles.
  2. modifies and transports proteins
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19
Q

ER

A
  1. RER- Contains Ribosomes
    • Produces protein that either stays in cell or leaves
    • Packages them
  2. Smooth ER- transports proteins
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20
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Extracts oxygen and pyruvic acid from sugar in the intercellular fluids which produces ATP- which is what powers most cells
  • The internal matrix contains proteins, ribosomes, and DNA.
  • It provides energy to the cell
  • Filters the oxygen out which makes cells live
  • It is thought to derive from bacteria that engulfed by an ancestor of present-day eukaryotic cells.
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21
Q

ATP

A
  1. basic chemical fuel that powers most of cell activity
  2. made by mitochondria
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22
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Serves as a location for information to be received.
  • Each synapse on a dendrite serves as receptor sites and they interact with molecules of neurotransmitters at the synaptic gap
  • Many of them on a neuron
  • Spines are the studs on dendrites that increase surface area

We don’t have a myltein sheeth here because there are no gaps

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23
Q

Dendritic spines

A
  • increase surface area
    • The neural plasticity allows their member and structure to be altered by experienced learning
    • Just like the gym- if we don’t use them they become smaller
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24
Q

Axon

What insulates it?

What are its braches called

A
  • It helps to send out information to other neurons
  • One per neuron
  • Insulated by Mylein
  • Branches called collaterals
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25
Q

Process

A
  • Input- comes in at synapse
  • Integration =axon hillock- where the stuff is all summed up, and where its decide to send an action potential or not
  • Conduction Zone-
  • Output zone- where the neurotransmitters are released
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26
Q

Why does an axon need a myelin sheath? What does it do?

A

needed because:

  1. allows for faster transmission
  2. helps get over node of randier which is a blank space on the axon
  3. Wrapped so tightly there is no extracellular fluid, good because there will be no exchange of ions for inside and outside of cell which is important for action potential
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27
Q

Unipolar/Sensory Neurons

A
  1. have one axon
  2. receive information from outside world & within our bodies
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28
Q

Bipolar/interneurons

A
  1. have an axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body toward opposite poles
  2. most common) act as bridges for sensory and motor
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29
Q

Multi-polar/motor neurons

A
  1. have multiple dendrites and a single axon
  2. transmit commands from CNS (brain and spine) to muscles and glands
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30
Q

What are the two cellular organizational patters?

A
  1. Eukaryotic Cells​​
  2. Prokaryotic Cells
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31
Q

Procaryotes

A
  1. organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus
  2. DNA is stored here but is not protected because it doesn’t have a membrane
  3. found in single-celled organisms
    1. bacteria
    2. archea
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32
Q

Eucaryotes

A

organisms whose cells that have a nucleus

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33
Q

The Nucleus

A
  1. Contains DNA that directs cell functions
  2. Is responsible for the information and where DNA replicates
  3. Formed around two membranes
  4. largest organelle
  5. contains nucleolus which makes ribosomes
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34
Q

THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A

DNA- replicates itself in the nucleus and it stays there. and then it goes a process called transcription to copy to RNA and then leaves the nucleus of the cell and becomes translated into proteins once it leaves the nucleus

  • The RNA leaves the cell with the ribosomes, to create proteins which either stay within the cell or leave the cell depending on if they are free floating or RER
How well did you know this?
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35
Q

Cytosol

A

large compartment in cell not connected to anything really (it’s not intercellular)

  • Protein/ ribosomes are made here, and it transferred through the ER
  • semi-fluid substance filling the interior of the cell and embedding the other organelles and subcellular compartments
  • enclosed by the cell membrane and the membranes of different organelles, thus making up a separate cellular compartment
  • we can infer that while cytosol is the fluid contained in the cell cytoplasm, cytoplasm is the entire content within the cell membrane
36
Q

Lysosomes

A
  1. created from the Golgi apparatus.
  2. break down unwanted material for extortion or recycling

3.

37
Q

Chromosomes

A

when cells divide, Giant DNA molecules becomes visible as Chromosomes

38
Q

Vesicles/neurotransmitters

A
  • contain neurotransmitters
  • the body’s chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles
39
Q

axon hillock

A

The bridge between the cell body and the axon is. The generation of the action potential occurs at the axon hillock

40
Q

axon terminals

A

are small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. They are typically the sites where synapses with other neurons are found, and neurotransmitters are stored there to communicate with other neurons via these synapses

41
Q

synaptic gap

A

is the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another and is where the electrical signal is translated to a chemical signal that can be perceived by the next neuron

42
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

uptake, storage and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter

43
Q
A
44
Q
  1. Glia
  2. Neurons
A

The Nervous System is made up of what two types of cells?

45
Q

cells in the nervous system that support the activity of neurons

A

What is the Glia and what does it do?

(gila supports for Nachman)

46
Q
  1. Macroglia
  2. Microglia
A

What cells are the two kinds of Glial cells?

47
Q

largest glial cells

  • Astrocytes- Provide support functions to neurons
    • Collect molecules from and isolate synapse
    • Blood brain barrier- keeps blood in brain healthy by blocking the toxins as they wrap tightly
    • Cells in CNS can’t regrow when damaged.
    • Communication- can release chemicals and ATP, and can signal nearby neurons to build synapses- a key step in learning
  • Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells- Supplies a myelin covering and insulates axon
    • One oligo can form myelin for 15 neurons, but Schwann which works for PNS only creates enough myelin for one.
A

Macroglia and what they contain

48
Q
  1. serves as the brain’s cleanup crew
  2. if they detect cell damage like head injury, they’ll go digest the debris
  3. the only con is that sometimes it digests healthy cells which might contribute to things like Alzheimer’s.
A

Microglia

49
Q
  1. Neural membrane
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Cell body (soma)
    1. Can build proteins
  4. Processes
  5. Axons
  6. Dendrites
A

What is the structure of a Neuron?

50
Q

Separates intracellular field/cytoplasm of the interior of cell from the extracellular field of the outside of the cell

  1. Selective- it decides what goes in and out
  2. Creates a constant internal environment
  3. Important in communication (with other cells/environment)
A

What is the function of the Neural Membranes?

51
Q
  1. Ion channels
    1. More passive movement but don’t require energy
    2. Two kinds- voltage and ligand gated channels
  2. Ion pumps
    1. Require energy
    2. Sodium-potassium and calcium pumps.

For both of these, depending on which amino acids make up the ion channel will determine which ions can pass through the membrane

A

What are the two types of protein structures that control membrane permeability?

52
Q
  1. Microtubules- movement of materials within the cell
    1. Anterograde transport- movement of materials away from the cell
    2. Retrograde transport- movement towards the cell body
  2. Neurofilaments- parallels to axon and provide structural support
  3. Microfilaments- change shape and length during development
A

What is the cytoskeleton made out of?

53
Q

movement of materials within the cell

  1. Anterograde transport-movement of materials away from the cell to axon terminal
  2. Retrograde transport- movement from axon terminal towards the cell body
A

Microtubules

54
Q

parallels to axon and provide structural support

A

Neurofilaments

55
Q

change shape and length during development

A

Microfilaments

56
Q

in healthy body tau holds the microtubules in place. In Alzheimer’s there is too much tau, so we have too much phosphate which causes disconnect of microtubules, and has the neuron collapsing on itself

A

Tau Protein

57
Q

ions are transferred through here

A

Nodes of Ranvier

58
Q
  1. Nucleas
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Golgi
  4. Mitochondria
  5. ER
  6. Membrane
A

What is in the Neural Cell Body?

59
Q
  • Contains DNA that directs cell functions
  • Contains nucleolus which builds organelles known as ribosomes
A

Nucleus

60
Q
  • Produces proteins either on their own or with ER
  • Proteins are produced on the rough side and then are moved by the smooth one to the Golgi
  • creates protein in nucleolus

Two Types:

  1. Free-floating ribosomes - create proteins for the cell.
    • CREATE PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL
  2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, produces proteins that are exported from the cell.
    • Makes proteins outside the cell
A

Ribosomes

61
Q
  1. Inserts completed proteins into vesicles.
  2. modifies and transports proteins
A

Golgi

62
Q
  1. RER- Contains Ribosomes
    • Produces protein that either stays in cell or leaves
    • Packages them
  2. Smooth ER- transports proteins
A

ER

63
Q
  • Extracts oxygen and pyruvic acid from sugar in the intercellular fluids which produces ATP- which is what powers most cells
  • The internal matrix contains proteins, ribosomes, and DNA.
  • It provides energy to the cell
  • Filters the oxygen out which makes cells live
  • It is thought to derive from bacteria that engulfed by an ancestor of present-day eukaryotic cells.
A

Mitochondria

64
Q
  1. basic chemical fuel that powers most of cell activity
  2. made by mitochondria
A

ATP

65
Q
  • Serves as a location for information to be received.
  • Each synapse on a dendrite serves as receptor sites and they interact with molecules of neurotransmitters at the synaptic gap
  • Many of them on a neuron
  • Spines are the studs on dendrites that increase surface area

We don’t have a myltein sheeth here because there are no gaps

A

Dendrites

66
Q
  • increase surface area
    • The neural plasticity allows their member and structure to be altered by experienced learning
    • Just like the gym- if we don’t use them they become smaller
A

Dendritic spines

67
Q
  • It helps to send out information to other neurons
  • One per neuron
  • Insulated by Mylein
  • Branches called collaterals
A

Axon

What insulates it?

What are its braches called

68
Q
  • Input- comes in at synapse
  • Integration =axon hillock- where the stuff is all summed up, and where its decide to send an action potential or not
  • Conduction Zone-
  • Output zone- where the neurotransmitters are released
A

Process

69
Q

needed because:

  1. allows for faster transmission
  2. helps get over node of randier which is a blank space on the axon
  3. Wrapped so tightly there is no extracellular fluid, good because there will be no exchange of ions for inside and outside of cell which is important for action potential
A

Why does an axon need a myelin sheath? What does it do?

70
Q
  1. have one axon
  2. receive information from outside world & within our bodies
A

Unipolar/Sensory Neurons

71
Q
  1. have an axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body toward opposite poles
  2. most common) act as bridges for sensory and motor
A

Bipolar/interneurons

72
Q
  1. have multiple dendrites and a single axon
  2. transmit commands from CNS (brain and spine) to muscles and glands
A

Multi-polar/motor neurons

73
Q
  1. Eukaryotic Cells​​
  2. Prokaryotic Cells
A

What are the two cellular organizational patters?

74
Q
  1. organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus
  2. DNA is stored here but is not protected because it doesn’t have a membrane
  3. found in single-celled organisms
    1. bacteria
    2. archea
A

Procaryotes

75
Q

organisms whose cells that have a nucleus

A

Eucaryotes

76
Q
  1. Contains DNA that directs cell functions
  2. Is responsible for the information and where DNA replicates
  3. Formed around two membranes
  4. largest organelle
  5. contains nucleolus which makes ribosomes
A

The Nucleus

77
Q

DNA- replicates itself in the nucleus and it stays there. and then it goes a process called transcription to copy to RNA and then leaves the nucleus of the cell and becomes translated into proteins once it leaves the nucleus

  • The RNA leaves the cell with the ribosomes, to create proteins which either stay within the cell or leave the cell depending on if they are free floating or RER
A

THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

78
Q

large compartment in cell not connected to anything really (it’s not intercellular)

  • Protein/ ribosomes are made here, and it transferred through the ER
  • semi-fluid substance filling the interior of the cell and embedding the other organelles and subcellular compartments
  • enclosed by the cell membrane and the membranes of different organelles, thus making up a separate cellular compartment
  • we can infer that while cytosol is the fluid contained in the cell cytoplasm, cytoplasm is the entire content within the cell membrane
A

Cytosol

79
Q
  1. created from the Golgi apparatus.
  2. break down unwanted material for extortion or recycling

3.

A

Lysosomes

80
Q

when cells divide, Giant DNA molecules becomes visible as Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes

81
Q
  • contain neurotransmitters
  • the body’s chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles
A

Vesicles/neurotransmitters

82
Q

The bridge between the cell body and the axon is. The generation of the action potential occurs at the axon hillock

A

axon hillock

83
Q

are small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. They are typically the sites where synapses with other neurons are found, and neurotransmitters are stored there to communicate with other neurons via these synapses

A

axon terminals

84
Q

is the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another and is where the electrical signal is translated to a chemical signal that can be perceived by the next neuron

A

synaptic gap

85
Q

uptake, storage and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter

A

synaptic vesicle

86
Q
A

Psychology and Neuroscience (8 decks)

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