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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

-> Specialised part of the ependymal lining of all ventricles

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2
Q

CSF exit

A

Mainly via holes in roof of the 4th ventricle (lateral foramina of Luschk and median foramen of Magendie) to enter subarachnoid space from where it can drain into venues, venous sinuses or lymphatics

Some CSF leaves ventral canal at caudal equine to reach lymphatics

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3
Q

CSF composition compared to plasma

A

Less K+
More Cl-
More glucose
Slightly over pressurised

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4
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  • Protect CNS
  • Displace to allow changes in cranial blood volume without changes in pressure
    (by seeping in/out of foramen magnum)
  • Nutrition and homeostasis
    Chemoreceptors to give indirect measure of brain esp medullary
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5
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Flow of CSF through ventricles is disrupted (e.g by tumour) so get inflated ventricular spaces, squashing the brain
Can cause dystocia

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6
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Malformation of caudal aspect of the skull, distorting cerebellum and forcing excessive CSF down spinal cord
-> Get cystic dilation of spaniel cord, pain, phantom scratching

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7
Q

Meninges (from outer layer in)

A

Dura mater: deriver from sclerotome; contains venous sinuses; continuous with sclera of eye
Arachnoid mater: continuous with uvea of eye; neural crest derived; connects to dorsal sagittal sinus to allow fluid drainage
Pia mater; neural crest derived

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8
Q

Flax cerebri

A

Midline fold running rostral to caudal of dura mater between two hemispheres
Stops the skull rotating longitudinally relative to brain

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9
Q

Tentorium cerebri

A

Transverse fold of dura mater between cerebrum and cerebellum to keep brain fixed if brain rotates transversely

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10
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Dura mater forming collar around the pituitary to make the roof of the hypophyseal fossa

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11
Q

Most common place for primary brain tumour in dogs and cats

A

Arachnoid mater

  • Benign in cats
  • Metastatic in dogs
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12
Q

Dilations of the subarachnoid space

A

Cisterna magna: around medulla/foramen magnum

Lumbar cistern: between two lumbar vertebrae/sacrum used for lumbar puncture

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13
Q

Location of meningitis

A

Subarachnoid space

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A

Housekeeping role

Control BBB
Remove neurotransmitter
Control K+ levels

From ectoderm

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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheath

From ectoderm

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16
Q

Microglia

A

Immune role; phagocytosis of debris

From mesoderm

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17
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles and produce and monitor CSF

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18
Q

Olfactory nerve CNI

A

Special sensory nerve
From sensory epithelium on mesethmoid bone surface through cribriform plate to olfactory bulb for processing before reaching piriform cortex

Sends branch to the VMO

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19
Q

Optic nerve CNII

A

Special sensory nerve

Visual information from eye, through optic foramen, crossing at optic chasm to cranium

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20
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII

A

From inner ear, through bony auditory meatus

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21
Q

Oculomotor nerve CNIII

A

Somatic myotome motor nerve
Innervates muscles from myotome 1
- Most of the extra ocular muscles

+ General visceral motor (parasympathetic) to the ciliary for nearby focussing and iris for pupil constriction

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22
Q

Trochlear nerve CNIV

A

Somatic myotome motor nerve
Innervates muscles from myotome 2
- Innervates dorsal oblique

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23
Q

Abducens nerve CNVI

A

Somatic myotome motor nerve
Innervates muscles from myotome 3
- lateral rectus and retractor bulbi

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24
Q

Hypoglossal nerve CNXII

A

Somatic myotome motor nerve
Innervates tongue muscles and geniohyoideus
Small branch (ansa hypoglossi) to join C1 to innervate neck muscles
Well buried with lots of slack so rarely damaged

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25
Facial nerve CNVII
Special visceral motor nerve Innervates muscles from pharyngeal arches - Muscles of facial expression + some of digastricus + as general visceral motor; parasympathetic Superficial petrosal branch innervates nasal, lacrimal and palatine glands - Chorda tympani branch innervated mandibular gland + general somatic sensory to ear canal
26
Glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
Special visceral motor to muscles of arch 3; ceratohyoideus, stylopharyngeus General visceral motor (parasympathetic) To parotid and orbital salivary glands (this is lesser superficial petrosal branch) General visceral sensory: pharynx, caudal 1/3 of tongue, middle ear, carotid sinus and body
27
Vagus nerve CNX
Special visceral motor to muscles of arch 4-6 (pharyngeal muscles except for cerato and stylo, larynx muscles via recurrent laryngeal, cricothyroideus via cranial laryngeal) General visceral motor (parasympathetic): to heart, lungs, GI tract General visceral sensory to pharynx, larynx, meninges, aortic body Somatic sensory to ear drum
28
Accessory nerve CNXI
Special visceral motor innervation to muscles of the neck Not present in snakes May contribute some fibres to the vagus
29
Trigeminal nerve CNV
V1 = ophthalmic branch - general somatic sensory innervation to eye and upwards V2 = maxillary branch - general somatic sensory to the upper jaw and muzzle V3 = mandibular branch - general somatic sensory to lower jaw and some ear canal - special visceral motor to arch 1 muscles i.e jaw muscles (except caudal digastricus)
30
Branches of trigeminal nerve to block for procedures
- Mental branch of V3 to chin - Mandibular alveolar branch of V3 to lower teeth - Infraorbital branch of V2 to muzzle - Ophthalmic branch V1 for dehorning
31
Corneal reflex
Touch cornea and animal blinks ``` SENSORY = V1 (long ciliary branch) MOTOR = facial nerve; orbicularis oculi ```
32
Palpebral reflex
Touch eyelids and eyes close SENSORY = V1 MOTOR = facial VII (orbicularis occult)
33
Oculocardiac reflex
Pressing on eyeball leads to slowing of the heart ``` SENSORY = trigeminal nerve MOTOR = vagus nerve ```
34
Gag reflex
Used when taking tube out after operation ``` SENSORY = glossopharyngeal nerve MOTOR = vagus ```
35
Salivary reflex
Salivation in response to sour taste SENSORY and MOTOR = glossopharyngeal
36
Slap test
Contralateral reflex: Slap left flank look for larynx twitch on right side MOTOR = laryngeal motor fibres of vagus
37
Nictitating reflex
Touch cornea and 3rd eyelid flicks across SENSORY = V1 (long ciliary branch) MOTOR = abducens VI; retractor bulbi
38
Arterial supply to head in ruminants and cats (compared to dogs)
Caudal part of internal carotid regresses so there is no lateral supply - Lateral supply replaced by anastomoses from the maxillary artery to the last part of the internal carotid that remains + rete mirabile: carotid rete, bovine occipital rete, feline orbital rete
39
Tentorial herniation
After acute head trauma, break swells and squeezes under tentorium, pressing on midbrain and damaging it e. g rostral colliculi (unconscious visual processing) e. g Edinger Westphal nuclei in ventral midbrain whose axons induce constriction of pupil (pupillary light reflex) Part of CNS extruded out back of skull; coning
40
Development of the eye
Lens forms as invagination of the optic placode Sclera and choroid are condensations of neural crest mesenchyme Surface ectoderm forms conjunctiva
41
Optic disc
Where the axons of ganglion cells converge -> Fibres pass through amino cribrosa to enter the optic nerve Radiating blood vessels also enter here
42
Ventral oblique
Fibres pass from rostromedialy in orbit to laterally (pass ventral) Contraction rotates right eye anti-clockwise
43
Dorsal oblique
Fibres pass from caudal aspect of orbit, tendon has pull redirected around trochlea Force transmitted in medio-lateral direction
44
Function of oblique muscles in eye
To oppose the roll of the eye induced by the rectus muscles
45
Eye muscles from myotome 1 (oculomotor nerve)
DR, levator palpebral superiors, VR, MR, VO
46
Eye muscles from myotome 2 (trochlear nerve)
Dorsal oblique
47
Eye muscles from myotome 3 (abducens nerve)
Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi
48
Retractor bulbi contraction
Sucks eye back, increasing pressure behind the eye, displacing retrobulbar far medially to push 3rd eyelid across laterally
49
Strabismus ventrolaterally
Nerve 3 dysfunction | + ptosis due to levator palpebrae superiosis lack of tone
50
Strabismus with lateral roll of dorsal aspect of eye
Nerve 4 damage
51
Strabismus with medially falling eyeballs
Nerve 6 damage
52
Decussation at optic chasm
100% in non-mammalian vertebrates and rabbits | 50% in humans (forward facing eyes) and domestic animals
53
Visual pathway protections of optic nerve
To LGN of thalamus To pretectal nuclei of rostral colliculi for pupillary light reflex To hypothalamic SCN for internal clock
54
Pupillary light reflex
``` Sensory arm is optic nerve To rostral colliculi bilaterally To Edinger Westphal Nuclei To ciliary ganglion To pupillary sphincter muscle (parasympathetic) ``` Motor arm is oculomotor nerve III NB: contralateral response is the 'consensual pupillary light reflex' rather than direct
55
Horner's syndrome
loss of sympathetic innervation to the head (esp the eye) Get mitosis, ptosis (lowering of upper eyelid), conjunctival vascular enlargement, 3rd eyelid protrusion
56
Menace response
Move hand towards eye; close eye and moves head away Motor arm is orbiculari could innervated by facial nerve Rabbits don't have this
57
Field of view in different species
similar in humans and dogs of 150 degrees per eye but overlap different So overall field of view only 180 in humans, but 240 in dogs
58
Deep fovea of a raptor
This is a secondary fovea that is very high acuity (while other more shallow one is for flying straight) to allow spotting of prey while flying No retina blood vessels means less light scatter
59
Pecten
specialised vascular structure in the vitreous humour of birds to supply the retina
60
Tapetum lucidum
Shiny layer below the retina that acts to reflect light back though photoreceptor outer segments for second chance at absorbance to increase sensitivity Dogs/cats have a cellular one
61
Avian cone
Coloured oil droplets have carotenoid pigments that filter light reaching the cone outer segment to reduce the overlap of cone spectra and to enhance colour discrimination Birds are tetrachromats
62
Cone distribution on cat retina
Vision is more rod dominated with fewer cones Hgiher sensitivity for night vision but less acuity
63
Feline taurine deficiency
Taurine is an AA that has a sulfonate group instead of carboxyl Cats undergo retinal tinning which leads to hyper-reflectivity of tapetum lucidum
64
Thiamine deficiency
A B vitamin (1) that causes blindness due to degeneration of the LGN of thalamus May also affect pretectal nuclei of the rostral colliculi
65
Ultraviolet-sensitive cones
Allow following of urine scent marks for rodents (and hawks that hunt them)
66
Visual streak
Density of cones used to visualise the horizon without higher acuity that other parts of the visual field

NAB (8 decks)

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