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NAB > Motivation, homeostasis and arousal > Flashcards

Motivation, homeostasis and arousal Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-optic area

A

Contains temperature sensitive neurons and is involved in thermoregulatory behaviour

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2
Q

Medial pre-coptic area

A

Contains steroid receptor neurons

Involved in copulatory behaviour

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3
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Involved in feeding behaviour that is dependent on motivational state

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4
Q

Hypothalamic inputs

A
  • Brainstem (somatic and visceral afferents, and RF input for taste/olfaction)
  • Forebrain (amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) for emotional significance
  • Hormone sensitive neurons
  • Temp (pre-optic area) and osmolarity (OVLT; vascular organ of lamina terminalis) sensitive neurons
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5
Q

Starting feeding

A

Ghrelin activates NPY neutrons in arcuate nucleus
- These activate orexin and MCH neurones in lat hypothalamus

Lack of inhibition on NPY neutrons from leptin also helps

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6
Q

Stopping feeding

A

Leptin inhibits NPY neurons so get inhibition on the lat hypothalamus and less feeding behaviour

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7
Q

Consummatory sexual behaviours

A

Male: medial pre-optic area of hypothalamus (testosterone involved)

Female: ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (oes involved)

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8
Q

Cortico-medial division of amygdala

A

Responds to pheromones
Output to hypothalamus for sexual behaviour
Appetitive

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9
Q

Central nucleus of amygdala

A

Controls autonomic nervous system, endocrine and simple reflexes

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10
Q

Basolat amygdala

A

For higher order sensory/emotional assessment

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11
Q

Amygdala lesions

A

Lose lever pressing for mate (appetitive)

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12
Q

Role of dopamine

A

Provides activation onto motor systems (using input from RF which is activated by motivationally significant stimuli and modified by amygdala and orbitonfrontal cortex)

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13
Q

Dopamine lesions in striatum

A

Aphagia and adipsia (consummatory loss)

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14
Q

Dopamine lesions in nucleus accumbens (part of reward system)

A

Loss of appetitive (ear wiggling in female rats)

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15
Q

Arousal system

A

Ascending reticular activating system

Involves DA, NA, Ash, 5-HT

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16
Q

Functions of reticular formation

A

To integrate basic, stereotyped responses

To regulate the level of brain activity

17
Q

Sleep

A

Active suspension of consciousness and emergence of specific electrophysiological brain activity

18
Q

Noradrenaline

A

From Locus Coerulus neurons

Involved in attention

19
Q

Serotonin

A

From Raphe nucleus of brainstem neutrons

Involved in behavioural inhibition in averse conditions (so reduced 5-HT linked to impulsivity)

20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

From Basal forebrain neurons

Involved in learning and memory

21
Q

Wakefull EEG

A 
Low amplitude beta activity (for high freq, with active cortex, eyes open etc)
Alpha activity (for more quiet wakeful state)
22
Q

Sleeping EEG

A

1) Theta waves
2) K complexes
3) Delta rhythms
4) Higher amplitude delta rhythms

REM: beta and alpha rhythms

23
Q

Changes in neurotransmitter levels during sleep

A

Non-REM: all levels fall

REM: Ash levels peak to normal levels

24
Q

Cortical activation in REM/non-REM

A

Non-REM: visual cortex more active

REM: higher visual areas e.g extra striate cortex more active

25
Q

Type of firing for awake state

A

Tonically active state

Thalamo-cortical neutrons can transmit info to cortex

26
Q

Type of firing for sleep

A

Intrinsic burst firing

Means the thalamus and cortex are synchronised, allowing the cortex to disconnect from the outside world

27
Q

Flip-flop hypothesis

A

Mutual inhibition between VLPO (sleep promoting region) and brainstem/forebrain arousal systems

28
Q

Orexin neuron involvement in sleep

A

Found in lat hypothalamus
Excite neurons in neuromodulatory brainstem to inhibit VLPA
Mutations in orexin repector 2 gene in dogs gives narcolepsy

29
Q

MCH neurons (lat hypothalamus) involvement in sleep

A

Inhibits arousal systems

Related to motivation to sleep

30
Q

Internal biological clock

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus; paired in ant hypothalamus

Trained to light dark cycle via retinal input via retinohypothalamic tract
Melanopsin, a light sensitive pigment, is involved

NAB (8 decks)

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