Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31`
At what stage of development do the primary vesicles appear?
4 weeks
What are the 3 primary vesicles?
prosencephalon; mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
What secondary vesicles develop from the prosencephalon?
telencephalon; diencephalon
What secondary vesicles develop from the rhombencephalon?
metencephalon and myelencephalon
What does the telencephalon develop into?
the cerebral hemispheres
What does the diencephalon develop into?
thalamus and hypothalamus
What does the mesencephalon develop into?
midbrain
What does the metencephalon?
pons and the cerebellum
What does the myelencephalon develop into?
medulla oblongata
What are the 4 types of glial cell in the CNS?
astrocytes; oligodendrocytes; microglia and ependymal cells
What are the functions of astrocytes?
support; maintaining the blood-brain barrier and homeostasis
Why is the support function of the glial cells in the CNS important?
There is no connective tissue in the CNS
How do astrocytes appear histologically?
star-shaped- lots of processes (astro- like astronaut)
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
produce myelin
What are the spaces in between sheaths of myelin known as?
nodes of Ranvier
What is one major difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
oligodendrocytes have multiple processes in order to myelinate multiple axons whereas Schwann cells only myelinate one axon
What is the lineage of microglia?
haemopoietic
What is the function of microglia?
immune monitoring and antigen presentation
How does the appearance of microglia change once activated?
they lose their short processes and become rounder
What are ependymal cells?
ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells
Where are ependymal cells found?
lining the ventricles and choroid plexus
What is the function of the gyri and sulci?
to increase the SA of grey matter
What is the name for a deeper sulcus?
fissure
What is found whithin the white matter?
axons and their support cells
What is foudn within the grey matter?
nuerons, cell processes, synapses and supprt cells
How is grey matter organised in the spinal cord?
posterior and anterior horns (additional lateral horns at some levels)
How is white matter organised in the spinal cord?
posterior; lateral and anteiror columns
What does the central sulcus separate?
the frontal and parietal lobes
What separates the hemispheres of the brain?
longitudinal fissure
What does the lentiform nucleus form part of?
basal ganglia
What is the function of the internal capsule?
main “information highway” between the cortex and spinal cord
What lies inferior to the lentiform nucleus?
hippocampus
What is found directly superior to the lateral ventricles?
fornix and corpus callosum
What is the cingulate gyrus invovled in?
pain sensation
Where is the cingulate gyrus found?
superior to the corpus callosum
What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
the parieto-occipital sulcus
What joins the 3rd ventricle to the lateral ventricle?
interventricular foramen
What joins the right and left thalami?
interthalamic adhesion
What is found posterior to the thalamus?
pineal gland
What is the pineal gland involved in?
diurnal rhythms
What separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
lateral sulcus
What is the function of the calcarine sulcus?
contains the primary visual cortex
What forms the posterior border of the temporal lobe?
a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch
What is the function of the insula?
pain
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater
What does the dura mater attach to?
the periosteum of the skull
Where is the myenteric plexus found?
between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers
Where is the submucosal plexus found?
submucosa
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein?
through the jugular foramen
