Anatomy of back, spine and spinal cord Flashcards
What do dimples in the lower back indicate?
PSIS
What bone begins at the PSIS?
sacrum
What are the extrinsic back muscles?
levator scapulae; rhomboids; trapezius and latissimus dorsi
Where do the extrinsic back muscles attach?
pectoral girdle
What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?
to move the upper limb
What are the functions of intrinsic back muscles?
maintain back posture and move and support the spine
What are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles?
erector spinae and transversospinalis
What are the attachments of the common tendon of erector spinae?
sacrum and iliac crest
How many muscles are part of the erector spinae group?
3 vertical muscles
Where is erector spinae in relation to transversospinalis?
superficial
What are teh 3 muscles of erector spinae?
iliocostalis; longissimus and spinalis
What are the superior attachments of erector spinae?
ribs; transverse and spinal processes of vertebrae
Where is transversospinalis located?
within the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes
What do transversospinalis attach between?
vertebrae and skull; rib; sacrum and other vertebrae
What is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?
segmental- posterior rami
What movement occurs with bilateral contraction of erector spinae?
spine extension
What movement with unilateral contraction of erector spinae?
lateral flexion
What muscles are involved in flexion of the spine?
psoas major and rectus abdominus
When does the cervical lordosis develop?
around 3 months
What causes the cervical lordosis to develop?
as child gains head control
When does the lumbar lordosis develop?
around 6-8months
What causes the lumbar lordosis to develop?
child is able to sit independently
What is the function of the pedicles?
connect the vertebral body to the neural arch
What forms the vertebral arch?
laminae and pedicles
What are intervertebral discs made of?
fibrocartilage
What is the benefit of IV discs being made of fibrocartilage?
fibrocartilage never ossifies
What is the function of ligamentum flavum?
connect adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
prevents over-flexion of the spine
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligamnet?
prevents over-extension of the spine
What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?
connects tips of spinous processes
What is the function of the interspinous ligament?
connect superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinour processes
What does atlas have instead of a body or spinous process?
a posterior arch and an anterior arch
What are the movements that occur at the atlanto-occipital joints?
flexion and extension of the neck; lateral flexion and rotation
What is a stage 1 cervical dislocation?
flexion sprain
What is a stage 2 cervical dislocation?
anterior subluxation; 25% translation
What is a stage 3 cervical dislocation?
50% translation
what is a stage 4 cervical dislocation?
complete dislocation
How many atlanto-axial joints are there?
3
What type of joint are the atlanto-axial joints?
synovial
What are the 3 atlanto-axial joints?
2- between the inf. and sup. facets
1- between the anteiror arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis
What arethe main movements at the atlanto-axial joints?
rotation
What is found on either sides of the sacral promontories?
ala
What joints take place at the side of the ala?
sacro-iliac joints
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord finish?
L1/L2
