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Neuro > Neuroanat wk 3 > Flashcards

Neuroanat wk 3 Flashcards

1
Q

disruption in the corticospinal tract in the pyramids superior to decussation via injury to the anterior spinal artery could cause…

A

inferior alternating hemiplegia

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2
Q

How does inferior alternating hemiplegia present?

A

ipsilateral tongue deficit and contralateral limb paralysis

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3
Q

Vertebral arteries on the anterior surface of the medulla split into what three vessels?

A

anterior spinal artery dorsal spinal arteries posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

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4
Q

What artery follows in the inferior pontine sulcus then middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar arteries

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5
Q

What artery, after branching off of the rostral part of the basilar artery will deflect caudally following the superior peduncle?

A

superior cerebellar artery

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6
Q

The posterior spinal artery will give blood flow to what areas?

A

gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus

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7
Q

Does the hypoglossal nucleus decussate? What is its path/where is it located?

A

no - extends as a series of nerve rootlets, seen internally in open medulla along lateral surface of medial lemniscus then b/t pyramids and inferior olive body to emerge in ventrolateral sulcus of medulla

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8
Q

What artery always has its perfusion zone lateral to midline?

A

vertebral artery

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9
Q

Medial medullary syndrome occurs when the anterior spinal artery is compromised, affecting mostly the…

A

pyramidal system combo’d with impact on the hypoglossal nuc.

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10
Q

What is the MC form of brain stem stroke?

A

PICA stroke/Wallenberg syndrome/lateral medullary syndrome

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11
Q

What are structures along the floor of the fourth ventricle starting at midline and going laterally?

A

hypoglossal nuc dorsal longitudinal fasciculus dorsal motor nuc of vagus solitary nuc vestibular nuc

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12
Q

What is between the vestibular nucleus and the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the rostral medulla?

A

accessory cuneate nuc

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13
Q

neurons from the superior and medial vestibular nuclei five rise to axons that ascend to synapse on the 3 motor nuc of… where are they?

A

extraocular muscles abducent in pons trochlear and oculomotor in midbrain

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14
Q

vestibular nuclei send their axons via… to adjust eye gaze for changes in head position

A

MLF - medial longitudinal fasciculus

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15
Q

What receives input from CN VII, the inferior and superior glossopharyngeal ganglia, and the vagus nerve? What does this area control?

A

rostral portion of solitary nucleus input for taste sensation/gustatory

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16
Q

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal receives pain input from what two nerves?

A

glossopharyngeal inf and sup nuclei vagus nerve

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17
Q

What is in charge of visceral sensation received from VII, IX, and X?

A

caudal portion of solitary nucleus

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18
Q

Parasympathetic axons within CN IX originate in the …. and … in order to provide LMN to skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx

A

inferior salivatory nucleus and nucleus ambiguus

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19
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers of CN X originate?

A

dorsal motor nuc of vagus nucleus ambiguus for cardiac fibers

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20
Q

What makes the nucleus ambiguus unique?

A

it has parasympathetic fibers along with LMN fibers originating there

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21
Q

What is the pathway of the gag reflex?

A
  • sensation in pharynx
    • afferents through IX
      • spinal trigeminal sensory neuron
      • caudal solitary nucleus
        • Nucleus Ambiguus
          • trigeminal motor nuc
            • LMN - open mouth
          • hypoglossal nuc
            • LMN protract tongue
          • LMN - constrict pharynx
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22
Q

Locked-In Syndrome is a result of what kind of lesion?

A

Basilar artery Thrombosis

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23
Q

Roughly, the ventral brainstem is responsible for… while the dorsal brainstem is responsible for…

A

motor

sensory

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24
Q

AICA strokes usually cause ipsilateral facial paralysis because it affects the …

A

trigeminal motor nucleus

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25
Q

AICA strokes could cause alternating facial and body analgesia due to injury to…

A

spinothalamic and descending trigeminal spinal sensory tract

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26
Q

AICA strokes if affecting the lateral lemniscus could cause… while if affecting the MLF it could cause…

A

deafness

nystagmus

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27
Q

A basilar artery disruption could potentially cause a band-like lesion spanning…

A

middle of crus cerebri to the inferior surface of the cerebral aqueduct

this would include pyramidal UMN fibers, SN and RN, along with oculomotor nucleus that is in ventral margin PAG

28
Q

What is Weber’s syndrome?

A

combo of oculomotor palsy with CL spastic paralysis d/t basialr artery disruption

not usually any sensory deficits

29
Q

defense bodies contain what?

A

lipofuscin

30
Q

pathologic change in neuron after damage (like transection) could cause eccentric, nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies and increase size of perikaryon

this is called..

A

chromatolysis

31
Q

uniformly pale, superfically resembling adipocytes, this disease could be an accumulation of glycolipids

A

Tay Sachs Disease

32
Q

becoming an angular perikaryon is characteristic of

A

hypoxia or anoxia

33
Q

anterograde axonal transport use what primary MT motor protein for movement?

A

kinesin

34
Q

retrograde transport is movement to the soma by what motor protein?

A

dynein

35
Q

interneurons with numerous active synaptic contacts are

A

spiny neurons

36
Q

neural background is called… and has relatively few neurons

A

neuropil

37
Q

empty space within neuropil is characteristic of

A

spongiform encephalopathy

38
Q

extracellular deposits of amyloid beta protein combo’d with glial cells is

A

neuritic (senile) plaques

39
Q

what is the structural barrier formed on the deep surface of pia mater?

A

glial limitans

40
Q

fibrous astrocytes are where?

A

white matter, thin and few branches

41
Q

What is responsible for glial scarring?

A

gliosis/astrocytosis

42
Q

What are the macrophages of the CNS?

A

microglia

43
Q

What cells form the blood-neuron barrier?

A

satellite (capsular) cells

44
Q

interfascicular type of oligodendrocytes are where?

A

along and between axons

45
Q

satellite oligodendrocytes are found where?

A

only in grey matter

46
Q

clumps of cytoplasm trapped in the layers of plasma membrane that create a conduit for conductivity are called what?

A

incisure of Schmidt-Lanterman

47
Q

inter-period line

A

2 inner cytoplasm faces of lipid bilayer fuse

48
Q

cytoplasmic layers of myelin are linked by tight junctions and

A

connexin 32

49
Q

cerebral infarct is localized cell death surrounded by…

A

ischemic penumbra

50
Q

what cells are predominantly affected by lysosomal storage disorders?

A

neurons and histiocytes

51
Q

What is the deficiency in tay-sachs? What will this cause?

A

hexosaminidase A

accumulation of ganglioside inside neurons

52
Q

Gaucher disease is a deficiency of what? What does this cause?

A

glucocerebroside deficiency

causes glucocerebroside to accumulate, mainly in macrophages creating a crinkled paper appearance

causes severe neuron loss with gliosis d/t neuro-toxic effect of glycosyl sphingosine

53
Q

What is the deficiency in Niemann Pick Disease?

A

acid sphingomyelinase, resulting in storage of sphingomyelin

54
Q

histiocytes have a foamy appearance in what storage disease?

A

niemann pick disease

55
Q

accumulation of phenylalanine in PKU leads to what?

A

mental retardation, seizures, and microcephaly

56
Q

paresthesias, numbness in hands and feet, difficulty walking, muscle dysfunction/paralysis, nystagmus, confusion

could all be symptoms of what? What is the easy fix?

A

dry beri beri

vitamin B1 - thiamine

57
Q

wernicke encephalopathy may be precipitated in what pt scenario

A

thiamine deficient pt (alcoholic) getting IV glucose

58
Q

what is the pathology in korsakoff syndrome?

A

mammillary body atrophy or necrosis

59
Q

What vitamin deficiency affects all dividing cells?

A

vit B12

60
Q

what causes selective injury to large pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex? if it is severe, what will happen?

A

hypoglycemia

pseudolaminar necrosis

61
Q

hyperglycemia needs fluid correction, but this should happen slowly due to risk of …

A

cerebral edema

62
Q

CO posioning affects what structures?

A

bilateral necrosis of globus pallidus

layers III and V of cerebral cortex, sommer sector of hippocampus, and purkinje cells

63
Q

blurring and loss of vision with hyperemia of optic discs and decreased pupillary response point to…

A

methanol posioning

64
Q

methanol poisoning has particularly severe toxicity to what areas?

A

bilateral necrosis of putamen, and focal white area necrosis

preferentially affects the retina

65
Q

MCC of toxic death in developed country

A

ethanol posioning

Neuro (9 decks)

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