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Neuro > Neuroanat wk 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanat wk 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The groove between the two hemispheres in the cerebellum is called…

A

vallecula

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2
Q

What is inferior to the posterior cerebellum and is rather large?

A

cerebromedullary cistern (Cisterna Magna)

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3
Q

On the superior surface of the cerebellum, what separates the anterior from posterior lobes?

A

Primary fissure

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4
Q

Posterior and inferior to the posterior cerebellar lobes are… with perpendicular folia

A

cerebellar tonsils

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5
Q

The lateral walls of the fourth ventricle are made of…

A

cerebellar peduncles

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6
Q

Immediately posterior to cerebellar peduncles are… separated from the posterior lobe by posterolateral fissure. This crosses midline where it separates the indentation for 4th ventricle (ant) from midline…

A

flocculi nodulus

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7
Q

What are the names of the four deep cerebellar nuclei, from medial to lateral?

A

fastigial globose emboliform dentate

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8
Q

What represents the continuation of the peduncles into the cerebellum?

A

arbor vitae

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9
Q

What cells are in the molecular layer of gray matter in the cerebellum?

A

basket cells stellate cells

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10
Q

What cells are in the granular layer of the gray matter in the cerebellum?

A

granule cells golgi cells

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11
Q

With all of the cell groups in the cerebellum synapsing on each other, which type of cell is the only kind to send out inhibitory (GABA) connections from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

purkinje cells

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12
Q

Where do mossy fibers send their axons?

A

to deep cerebellar nuclei to granule cells

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13
Q

What causes inhibition of granular cells to counteract the excitatory synapses coming from Mossy fibers?

A

golgi cells

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14
Q

Through various paths, granule cells and climbing fibers synapse on purkinje cells, activating them, but what cells balance this and cause inhibition of purkinje cells?

A

stellate and basket cells

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15
Q

What three tracts does the inferior peduncle carry to and from the cerebellum and medulla oblongata?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar olivocerebellar vestibulocerebellar

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16
Q

The superior peduncle takes efferents to the pons and midbrain that decussate prior to terminating at the…. The afferents of the superior peduncle have what tract?

A

Red nucleus and inferior colliculus ventral spinocerebellar tract

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17
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle forms a cap over the fourth ventricle called…

A

anterior medullary velum

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellar circuit?

A

planning

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19
Q

What are the primary afferents of the cerebrocerebellar tract?

A
  1. pontocerebellar tract 2. tectocerebellar and olivocerebellar tracts
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20
Q

The cerebrocerebellar tract use superior peduncle to send efferents to where?

A

red nucleus ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus

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21
Q

What circuit in the cerebellum uses the dentate nucleus?

A

cerebrocerebellar circuit

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22
Q

What is the name of the tract that connects the inferior olivary complex with the red nucleus?

A

central tegmental tract

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23
Q

What circuit is located on the lateral aspects of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

cerebrocerebellar circuit

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24
Q

What circuit is in charge of execution of plan/motor activity? Where is this located?

A

spinocerebellar located in the vermis

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25
Q

What is the primary afferents going to the spinocerebellar circuit? What deep cerebellar nuclei does this go to?

A

dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts to the globose and emboliform nuclei mostly, with some fastigial nuclei involvement

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26
Q

Unique to the spinocerebellar circuit is what area that sends both afferents and efferents to the cerebellar nuclei?

A

reticular formation

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27
Q

The vestibulocerebellar circuit is physically located in the

A

flocculonodular lobe

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28
Q

What deep cerebellar nucleus is associated with the vestibulocerebellar circuit?

A

fastigial nucleus

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29
Q

The pontine reticulotegmental nucleus is part of what cerebellar circuit?

A

vestibulocerebellar

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30
Q

The vestibular nuclei sends out information to the spinal cord via what two tracts?

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus vestibulospinal tract

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31
Q

What two spinocerebellar tracts have double decussation?

A

ventral spinocerebellar rostral spinocerebellar

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32
Q

What two spinocerebellar tracts help to control the arms and neck?

A

cuneocerebellar rostral spinocerebellar

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33
Q

Where is the second order nucleus in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

A

Clarke’s nucleus

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34
Q

Where is the second order nucleus in the ventral spinocerebellar tract and the rostral spinocerebellar tract?

A

rexed lamina VII

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35
Q

What spinocerebellar tracts control the LE and trunk?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar ventral spinocerebellar

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36
Q

What is the only spinocerebellar tract to travel only in the superior peduncle?

A

ventral spinocerebellar

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37
Q

Where is the second order neuron in the cuneocerebellar tract?

A

accessory cuneate nucleus

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38
Q

What is the primary relay center for the cerebellum? Afferent fibers from here are the sole source of what?

A

inferior olive climbing fibers

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39
Q

UMN associated with CN are in lateral third of primary motor cortex and follow a pathway down through the … of the internal capsule as …. tract

A

genu corticobulbar/corticonuclear tract

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40
Q

What are the four CN in the inferior pontine sulcus from medial to lateral?

A

abducent facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal

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41
Q

What sits lateral to the olive on the superficial anterior surface of the medulla?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

What takes a major role in vision and multisesnory integration and is on the posterior surface of the brainstem?

A

superior colliculi

43
Q

On the posterior medulla, what is running vertically immediately near midline?

A

gracile tubercle

44
Q

Where is the facial colliculus?

A

Within the fourth ventricle, is the lump on the posterior side of the anterior wall

45
Q

How do LMNs leave the facial nucleus?

A

exit medially and arch dorsally over the abducent nucleus before coursing ventrally through the pons

46
Q

The dorsal part of the facial nucleus receives… while the ventral part of the facial nucleus receives only…

A

bilateral innervation contralateral innervation

47
Q

What will be the presenting deficit from an injury to the cerebral cortex or corticobulbar tract going into the facial nucleus?

A

above the eye bilaterally will have partial paralysis while CL to the lesion will have lower face full paralysis

48
Q

If there is a lesion within the facial nucleus, what will the presenting deficit be?

A

hemiplegia of entire face on the ipsilateral side (Bell’s palsy)

49
Q

The facial nucleus is located in the tegmentum of the pons, dorsal to pontocerebellar fibers and the…

A

trapezoid body.

50
Q

The fibers of the facial nerve separate what structures?

A

the facial nucleus and the spinal nucleus and tract of trigeminal

51
Q

The brachium of the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus connect the colliculi to where?

A

medial and lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

52
Q

In the pons, the corticobulbar tract projects to small… which is rostral and lateral to the facial nucleus

A

trigeminal motor nucleus

53
Q

trigeminal sensory nucleus is very large and goes from …

A

midbrain to spinal cord

54
Q

the smallest of trigeminal sensory nuclei is…. and is like a small lateral extension of … surrounding the cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalic sensory nuclei PAG - periaqueductal gray matter

55
Q

What is in the pons, inferior to superior cerebellar pduncle and medial to middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

main (pontine) trigeminal nuclei

56
Q

In the closed part of the medulla this is next to cuneate tract and in the open medulla, this is medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus/tract

57
Q

What is special about the trigeminothalamic tract from the oral cavity?

A

it does not decussate, but ascends ipsilaterally through the medial lemniscus after a synapse in the main (pontine) sensory trigeminal nucleus

58
Q

What is the full pathway of fine touch through sensory trigeminal nucleus?

A

trigeminal ganglion main (pontine) sensory nucleus decussate to medial lemniscus and up to VPM of thalamus primary somatosensory cortex

59
Q

What is the pathway of proprioception through trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A

trigeminal ganglion mesencephalic nucleus (no decussation) trigeminal motor nucleus back out

60
Q

What are the three end point synapses of the pain and temp pathway through sensory trigeminal nucleus?

A

anterior cingulate cortex primary somatosensory cortex dorsal insular cortex

61
Q

What sensory trigeminal nucleus does pain and temp use in their pathway?

A

trigeminal spinal nucleus

62
Q

What is the pathway for pain and temp through the trigeminal nucleus?

A

trigeminal ganglion trigeminal spinal nucleus decussate and join spinal lemniscus to ascend to VPM and medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus medial dorsal nuc goes to ACC VPM goes to PSSC and dorsal insular cortex

63
Q

sneezing trigeminal reflex is mediated by what nucleus?

A

nucleus ambiguus via trigeminal spinal nucleus

64
Q

vomiting trigeminal reflex is mediated by what nuclei?

A

dorsal motor nuc of vagus via trigeminal spinal nucleus

65
Q

In the rostral medulla, the spinal trigeminal tract is close to the spinothalamic tract. Trauma disrupting one of these often actually affects both. This would cause presenting ssx of…

A

analgesia in body (lower) CL to the lesion analgesia in face and head ipsilateral to the lesion

66
Q

Both auditory pathways begin at…

A

the spiral ganglion of the cochlea

67
Q

Which auditory pathway is faster and for general alertness?

A

dorsal auditory pathway

68
Q

What is the course of the ventral auditory pathway to the inferior colliculus?

A

spiral ganglion ventral cochlear nuc some decussates via trapezoid body to superior olivary nuc bilaterally and ascend lateral lemniscus with synapses on lateral lemnisci nuc to inferior colliculus

69
Q

What is the course of the dorsal auditory pathway to the inferior colliculus?

A

spiral ganglion dorsal cochlear nuc decussates outside of trapezoid body and ascends CL in lateral lemniscus without extra synapses to the inferior colliculus

70
Q

After the auditory pathways get to the inferior colliculi, where do they go?

A

IC brachium of IC medial geniculate body of thalamus internal capsule primary auditory cortex

71
Q

in the rostral (open) medulla, lateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles are the

A

cochlear nuclei

72
Q

in the pons, the … can be seen as a group of transverse fibers near the medial lemniscus

A

trapezoid body

73
Q

How is the auditory cortex organized? It is surrounded by what?

A

tonotopically (frequency) directly surrounded with Auditory Association Cortex

74
Q

The descending auditory pathway is like tuning the auditory response. There are reciprocal connections between the cochlear nuc, inferior colliculus and superior olivary nuc, collectively termed….

A

olivocochlear bundle

75
Q

What are the three developing zones of the spinal cord?

A

ventricular

intermediate

marginal

76
Q

What cells are in the ventricular zone of the developing spinal cord?

A

ependymal cells - CSF balance

glioblasts - support

neuroblasts - neuron forming

77
Q

What cells do glioblasts migrate and differentiate into?

A

astroblasts - differentiate to protoplasmic fibrous astrocytes

oligodendroblasts - differentiate to oligodendrocytes, responsible for myelinating the CNS

78
Q

What cells migrate from the blood into the CNS, as part of the mononuclear phagocytic system?

A

microglial cells

79
Q

Groups of neurons may align in intermediate zones of the spinal cord forming what?

A

aggregations - early neurons

80
Q

Neurons follow tip of developing axon called the growth cone that has

A

both chemoattractants and repellents

81
Q

Which zone of the developing spinal cord gives rise to white matter?

A

marginal zone

82
Q

as dendrites and axons form, what does this mean is beginning?

A

synaptogenesis

83
Q

What drives synaptogenesis? variation of this leads to what?

A

neurotrophins

synaptic plasticity

84
Q

Most neuronal death is due to …

A

lack of neurotrophin

85
Q

As the neural tube grows, the lateral walls get thicker with shallow longitudinal grooves on each side. This is known as…

A

sulcus limitans

86
Q

The sulcus limitans divides the lateral wall of the neural tube into the dorsal… and vental…

A

alar plate

basal plate

87
Q

What develops from the alar plate?

A

dorsal (afferent) horns

dorsal median septum between the two alar plates

88
Q

What does the basal plate form?

A

lateral and ventral (efferent) horns (and ventral median fissure)

ventral roots of spinal nerves

89
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles and what secondary brain vesicles do they become?

A
  • prosencephalon
    • telencephalon
    • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
    • metencephalon
    • myelencephalon
90
Q

Where does the cephalic flexure appear in the developing brain stem?

A

between the mesencephalon and the metencephalon

91
Q

The Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) has depression covered with epedymal cells and highly vascular pia mater that becomes what?

A

fourth ventricle

pia projects in to form choroid plexus

92
Q

The cerebellum, during development, due to what?

A

pontine flexure

93
Q

What are the cortical neurons from the alar plate?

A

macroneurons - Purkinje cells - exhibit radial migration from ventricular neuroepithelium

microneurons - granule, stellate, and basket cells - migrate tangentially over surface to make external granule layer

94
Q

How do cells destined to be granule cells migrate?

A

from superficial to deep

95
Q

Neural crest cells, after delaminating, migrate on dorsal and ventral pathways, what does each do?

A

dorsal pathway - under ectoderm, form melanocytes

ventral pathway - pseudounipolar neurons forming spinal ganglia, ganglia and neurons of ANS, and Schwann cells in the PNS

96
Q

How does the Basal Ganglia originate from the telencephalon?

A

Day 32 - cerebral hemispheres are in the works

thin dorsal part is Pallium

thick ventral part is Subpallium

Subpallium bulges into neural canal and becomes Basal Ganglia

97
Q

What does the Pallium from the telencephalon become? How?

A

cerebral cortex

layers are formed ‘inside out’ and axons grow inward;

also will form lateral ventricle

98
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

lateral walls of the third ventricle

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus - pineal gland

infundibulum

99
Q

What comes from the alar area of the mesencephalon? basal plate?

A

tectum (corpora quadragemina)

tegmentum (motor nuclei of III and IV, RN, SN)

100
Q

What secondary vesicle of the brain stem helps to form the cerebral aqueduct?

A

mesencephalon

101
Q

What of the metencephalon moves dorsally over the fourth ventricle to form the cerebellum?

A

Rhombic limbs

102
Q

The myelencephalon becomes what?

A

medulla oblongata

Neuro (9 decks)

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