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Year 2 - Semester 1 > Neuro - week 1 > Flashcards

Neuro - week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What would a spinal stroke affecting the front of the spinal cord effect

A

Sense of heat and pain

Would not affect fine motor control

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2
Q

What is anterograde transport and what carries it out

A

Transport of neurotransmitters etc from the cell body to the synapse

Kinesin heavy chains along microtubules

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3
Q

What is retrograde transport and what carries it out

A

Transportation of molecules back to the cell body for recycling

Dynein heavy chain molecules along microtubules

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4
Q

Describe chemical transmission

A

Neurone to neurone or neurone to NMJ
Slow diffusion can cause gain
Drugable

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5
Q

Describe electrical transmission

A

Neurones connected closely with gap junctions made up of connexions
Fast but no gain (signal in postsynaptic neuron is the same or smaller than that of the originating neuron)

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6
Q

What can sensory receptors be

A

Free nerve endings
Specialised nerve endings
Specialised nerve cells

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7
Q

What is the difference between Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes in terms of axons

A

Schwann cells (peripheral) will insulate one axon

Oligodendrocytes (central) will insulate up to 20 axons

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8
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Protect the nervous system by forming the BBB

Also have a more active role, interacting with other cells

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9
Q

Describe microglia

A

Resident macrophages if the CNS

Complex roles in:

  • development
  • immune surveillance
  • disease response
  • tissue repair
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10
Q

What are the brain vesicles in week 4

A

3 primary

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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11
Q

What are the brain vesicles in week 5

A

5 secondary

Telencephalon (from prosencephalon) - forms cerebrum
Diencephalon (from prosencephalon) - forms thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Mesencephalon - forms midbrain

Metencephalon (from rhombencephalon) - forms pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon (from rhombencephalon) - forms medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What can you see at week 5

A

Recognisable parts of the peripheral nervous system, with sensory and motor parts in the spinal cord

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13
Q

describe the cortico-spinal system

A
  • UMN in cerebral cortex
  • Axons pass to anterior horn cells in the anterior horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord
  • As the cortico-spinal fibres descend they form prominences on the medulla which have been called pyramids – so sometimes also called the pyramidal system

control trunk and limb musculature

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14
Q

What what weeks do the stages of brain development occur

A

Neurulation - weeks 3-4 - ectoderm forming neural crest, neural groove and neural tube

Neurogenesis and gliogenesis - 4-12

Neural migration - 12- birth

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15
Q

what can the upper motor neurone system refer to

A

both systems (indirect and direct) which control LMNs or just the direct (pyramidal) system

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16
Q

what is important to remember about the pyramidal system

A

used to refer both the C-S and C-B systems as a whole although strictly it only refers to the C-S system

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17
Q

describe the cortico-bulbar system

A
  • UMN cell bodies in the cerebral cortex – axons pass down to control LMNs in the brain stem nuclei
  • Sometimes called the cortico-nuclear system as the axons go to brain stem nuclei
  • Controls cranial LMNs
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18
Q

where are the cell bodies from C-S and C-B systems located

A

mostly (but not all) located in the primary motor cortex part of the cerebral cortex which is in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

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19
Q

How are the cells arranged in the primary motor area

A

arranged in a particular order with the body represented upside down and unilateral (one side of the brain controls one side of the body)

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20
Q

what do the C-B and C-S systems control

A

Individual LMNs which control individual movements

These systems are responsible for more precise, non-stereotyped, voluntary movements. More with movements or components of actions as opposed to actions with walking.

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21
Q

describe the supplementary motor area

A

body represented horizontally (head forwards). Generally control actions, bilateral, complicated

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22
Q

how do the axons run in the C-S system

A

Axons run through the internal capsule down to the medulla. Most axons (85%) change sides at the medulla. This is called the decussation of the pyramidal tracts in the medulla.
15% remain ipsilateral at the pyramid level and proceed down the spinal cord. Most of these then cross lower down.
Once axons are in the cord they travel down the lateral and ventral cortico-spinal tracts, referring to where they are in a cross-section of the spinal cord.

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23
Q

where do the ventral cortico-spinal tract fibres terminate

A

in the ventral grey matter of the cervical and upper thoracic cord.

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24
Q

where do the lateral cortico-spinal tract fibres terminate

A

in the ventral grey matter of all the cord.

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25
Q

how do cortico-spinal tract fibres interact with LMNs

A

The descending cortico-spinal fibres usually terminate in interneurons in the cord grey matter which then interact with the LMNs. Few synapse directly with LMNs.
These descending fibres have excitatory and inhibitory effects on LMNs. This is mediated by interneurones.

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26
Q

describe the control in the cortico-spinal system

A

most is contralateral

Only some control is ipsilateral. Some is also bilateral. This is particularly related to trunk and neck muscles.

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27
Q

where are the LMNs in the cortico-bulbar system

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla contain the LMN cell bodies

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28
Q

how does the control differ in the C-B system compared to the C-S

A

Same principle as cortico-spinal but variations in whether they cross or do not cross.
This is because there are facial muscles which require cooperation such as moving both eyes at the same time or closing both eyelids to protect both eyes.

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29
Q

where are the nuclei of cranial nerves

A

mostly in the brain stem (apart from I, II and XI)

30
Q

what is the makeup of cranial nerves

A

generally mixed sensory- motor nerves (not all)

31
Q

where do cortico-bulbar fibres originate

A

lower than the cortico-spinal fibres due to the body being inverted.

32
Q

what kind of control do UMNs have on LMNs and what clinical symptoms does this cause

A

excitatory and inhibitory

UMN lesion cause weakness but also hypertonia (increased tone- spasticity)
So you see poor voluntary movement but also spasticity.

33
Q

describe the VII cranial nerve

A

facial nerve
UMN fibres that control LMNs supplying forehead and eye closure terminate ipsilaterally and contralaterally on a 50:50 basis. Forehead and eye closure is bilaterally innervated.
Those that supply the mouth and cheek terminate on a strongly contralateral basis – unilateral innervation.
Lesion of VII nerve nucleus or VII nerve weakness of all ipsilateral face.
Unilateral UMN lesion affects contralateral lower face only.

34
Q

describe XI cranial nerve

A

Motor control of muscles around the neck
Motor fibres originate in the nucleus ambiguous as the cranial root of the accessory nerve.
Motor fibres also originate in the cervical cord grey matter.
These exit the cord as rootlets forming the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This ascends upwards alongside the spinal cord, through the foramen magnum, to unite with the cranial root of the accessory nerve and form the accessory nerve.
Left sternocleidomastoid pulls head to the right and vice versa.
Left side of the brain controls the left sternocleidomastoid and right the right.

35
Q

what happens in epileptic seizures effecting the XI cranial nerve originating in the left frontal region

A

Right limbs are stimulated, left SCM is stimulated. Right limbs jerk and head jerks to the right.

36
Q

what would a lesion in the high cervical level cause

A

tetraplegia

37
Q

what kind of control do UMNs have on LMNs

A

excitatory and inhibitory

38
Q

The LMN cell bodies in the cervical spinal cord supply what

A

the upper limbs

39
Q

The LMN cell bodies in the thoracic spinal cord supply what

A

the trunk

40
Q

The LMN cell bodies in the lumbar spinal cord supply what

A

the lower limbs

41
Q

what is the EPS for

A

Required for moving groups of muscles to perform actions in a choreographed, sequenced way.
Modifies and organises the movements controlled by the cortico-bulbar and cortico-spinal systems.

42
Q

what would internal capsule lesion cause

A

very small arterial supply but can cause contralateral hemiplegia

43
Q

what is the extrapyramidal system

A

all the motor centres & tracts that have a significant influence on lower motor neurones additional to the cortico-spinal & cortico-bulbar system

44
Q

where are the cell bodies in the EPS

A

in the central brain nuclei (deep grey matter rather than cortex)

45
Q

what is the basal ganglia made up of

A

corpus striatum
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus

46
Q

what is the lenticular nucleus made up of

A

globus pallidus

Putamen

47
Q

what is important to remember about the corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus seperate from the putamen but are functionally grouped together
these together are called the neostriatum
not to be confused with the corpus striatum which is all of it

48
Q

what is the corpus striatum made up of

A

caudate nucleus

lenticular nucleus

49
Q

what are the structures of the extrapyramidal system

A

basal ganglia
certain brain stem nuclei
associated tracts and networks

50
Q

describe the substantia nigra

A

distinct pigmented nucleus in the midbrain area

51
Q

what are the distinct brain stem nuclei

A 
o	Red nucleus
o	Reticular formation
o	Vestibular nuclei
o	Olive
o	Superior colliculus
o	These send out axons to affect LMNs
52
Q

which system has tendency to form loops and circuits?

A

the EPS

53
Q

where does information enter the EPS for processing

A

The neostriatum

54
Q

what areas input into the EPS

A

the cerebral cortex, the substantia nigra and the thalamus

55
Q

what are the main output areas of the EPS

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

56
Q

which areas are affected by the EPS output

A

the motor cortex, thalamus and subthalamic nucleus are the bits effected by this output.
Most through the subthalamic nucleus to the thalamus and then to the motor cortex.

57
Q

why is the striatum - substantia nigra - striatum loop important

A

it shows degeneration in idiopathic parkinsons disease

58
Q

what kind of movements are controlled by the EPS

A

Grosser, more automatic voluntary movements, emotional expression movements, bilateral control of voluntary movements, postural adjustments of the body and the continual postural adjustments that underlie smooth and coordinated voluntary movements as well as control of tone in muscles.

59
Q

how would muscle or LMN disease affect walking

A

would cause weakness

60
Q

how would UMN (cortico-spinal) disease affect walking

A

would cause weakness and spasticity

61
Q

what kind of abnormal involuntary movements could EPS cause

A

 Tremor
 Ballismus - spontaneous involuntary movements, muscular weakness and incoordination of movements of the proximal extremities
 Chorea - brief, abrupt, irregular, unpredictable, non-stereotyped movements
 Athetosis - slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue
 Dystonia - causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures
 Myoclonus - sudden jerks such as hiccups
 tics

62
Q

what kind of alterations of muscle tone could EPS cause

A

 Rigidity
 Lead pipe – constant resistance to movement
 Cog wheel – brief fluctuations

63
Q

what kind of abnormal motor control could EPS cause

A

 Slowness of movement
 Impairment of initiation, sequencing and cessation of movement
 Impairment/loss of whole actions
 Impairment of automatic or emotionally related movement

64
Q

what kind of postural abnormality could EPS cause

A

 Flexed posture

 Postural instability

65
Q

what kind of abnormal involuntary movements could EPS cause

A

 Tremor
 Ballismus - spontaneous involuntary movements, muscular weakness and incoordination of movements of the proximal extremities
 Chorea - brief, abrupt, irregular, unpredictable, non-stereotyped movements
 Athetosis - slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue
 Dystonia - causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures
 Myoclonus - sudden jerks such as hiccups
 tics

66
Q

what does parkinsonism cause

A
  • Bradykinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Tremor
  • Postural instability
67
Q

lacunar arteries come off what

A

middle cerebral arteries

68
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply in terms of the homunculus

A

legs

69
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply in terms of the homunculus

A

arms and face

70
Q

which cranial nerves are parasympathetic

A

3, 7 and 9

Year 2 - Semester 1 (13 decks)

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