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Year 2 - Semester 1 > Neuro - week 1 > Flashcards

Neuro - week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What would a spinal stroke affecting the front of the spinal cord effect

A

Sense of heat and pain

Would not affect fine motor control

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2
Q

What is anterograde transport and what carries it out

A

Transport of neurotransmitters etc from the cell body to the synapse

Kinesin heavy chains along microtubules

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3
Q

What is retrograde transport and what carries it out

A

Transportation of molecules back to the cell body for recycling

Dynein heavy chain molecules along microtubules

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4
Q

Describe chemical transmission

A

Neurone to neurone or neurone to NMJ
Slow diffusion can cause gain
Drugable

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5
Q

Describe electrical transmission

A

Neurones connected closely with gap junctions made up of connexions
Fast but no gain (signal in postsynaptic neuron is the same or smaller than that of the originating neuron)

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6
Q

What can sensory receptors be

A

Free nerve endings
Specialised nerve endings
Specialised nerve cells

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7
Q

What is the difference between Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes in terms of axons

A

Schwann cells (peripheral) will insulate one axon

Oligodendrocytes (central) will insulate up to 20 axons

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8
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Protect the nervous system by forming the BBB

Also have a more active role, interacting with other cells

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9
Q

Describe microglia

A

Resident macrophages if the CNS

Complex roles in:

  • development
  • immune surveillance
  • disease response
  • tissue repair
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10
Q

What are the brain vesicles in week 4

A

3 primary

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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11
Q

What are the brain vesicles in week 5

A

5 secondary

Telencephalon (from prosencephalon) - forms cerebrum
Diencephalon (from prosencephalon) - forms thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Mesencephalon - forms midbrain

Metencephalon (from rhombencephalon) - forms pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon (from rhombencephalon) - forms medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What can you see at week 5

A

Recognisable parts of the peripheral nervous system, with sensory and motor parts in the spinal cord

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13
Q

describe the cortico-spinal system

A
  • UMN in cerebral cortex
  • Axons pass to anterior horn cells in the anterior horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord
  • As the cortico-spinal fibres descend they form prominences on the medulla which have been called pyramids – so sometimes also called the pyramidal system

control trunk and limb musculature

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14
Q

What what weeks do the stages of brain development occur

A

Neurulation - weeks 3-4 - ectoderm forming neural crest, neural groove and neural tube

Neurogenesis and gliogenesis - 4-12

Neural migration - 12- birth

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15
Q

what can the upper motor neurone system refer to

A

both systems (indirect and direct) which control LMNs or just the direct (pyramidal) system

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16
Q

what is important to remember about the pyramidal system

A

used to refer both the C-S and C-B systems as a whole although strictly it only refers to the C-S system

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17
Q

describe the cortico-bulbar system

A
  • UMN cell bodies in the cerebral cortex – axons pass down to control LMNs in the brain stem nuclei
  • Sometimes called the cortico-nuclear system as the axons go to brain stem nuclei
  • Controls cranial LMNs
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18
Q

where are the cell bodies from C-S and C-B systems located

A

mostly (but not all) located in the primary motor cortex part of the cerebral cortex which is in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

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19
Q

How are the cells arranged in the primary motor area

A

arranged in a particular order with the body represented upside down and unilateral (one side of the brain controls one side of the body)

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20
Q

what do the C-B and C-S systems control

A

Individual LMNs which control individual movements

These systems are responsible for more precise, non-stereotyped, voluntary movements. More with movements or components of actions as opposed to actions with walking.

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21
Q

describe the supplementary motor area

A

body represented horizontally (head forwards). Generally control actions, bilateral, complicated

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22
Q

how do the axons run in the C-S system

A

Axons run through the internal capsule down to the medulla. Most axons (85%) change sides at the medulla. This is called the decussation of the pyramidal tracts in the medulla.
15% remain ipsilateral at the pyramid level and proceed down the spinal cord. Most of these then cross lower down.
Once axons are in the cord they travel down the lateral and ventral cortico-spinal tracts, referring to where they are in a cross-section of the spinal cord.

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23
Q

where do the ventral cortico-spinal tract fibres terminate

A

in the ventral grey matter of the cervical and upper thoracic cord.

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24
Q

where do the lateral cortico-spinal tract fibres terminate

A

in the ventral grey matter of all the cord.

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25
how do cortico-spinal tract fibres interact with LMNs
The descending cortico-spinal fibres usually terminate in interneurons in the cord grey matter which then interact with the LMNs. Few synapse directly with LMNs. These descending fibres have excitatory and inhibitory effects on LMNs. This is mediated by interneurones.
26
describe the control in the cortico-spinal system
most is contralateral | Only some control is ipsilateral. Some is also bilateral. This is particularly related to trunk and neck muscles.
27
where are the LMNs in the cortico-bulbar system
The midbrain, pons and medulla contain the LMN cell bodies
28
how does the control differ in the C-B system compared to the C-S
Same principle as cortico-spinal but variations in whether they cross or do not cross. This is because there are facial muscles which require cooperation such as moving both eyes at the same time or closing both eyelids to protect both eyes.
29
where are the nuclei of cranial nerves
mostly in the brain stem (apart from I, II and XI)
30
what is the makeup of cranial nerves
generally mixed sensory- motor nerves (not all)
31
where do cortico-bulbar fibres originate
lower than the cortico-spinal fibres due to the body being inverted.
32
what kind of control do UMNs have on LMNs and what clinical symptoms does this cause
excitatory and inhibitory UMN lesion cause weakness but also hypertonia (increased tone- spasticity) So you see poor voluntary movement but also spasticity.
33
describe the VII cranial nerve
facial nerve UMN fibres that control LMNs supplying forehead and eye closure terminate ipsilaterally and contralaterally on a 50:50 basis. Forehead and eye closure is bilaterally innervated. Those that supply the mouth and cheek terminate on a strongly contralateral basis – unilateral innervation. Lesion of VII nerve nucleus or VII nerve weakness of all ipsilateral face. Unilateral UMN lesion affects contralateral lower face only.
34
describe XI cranial nerve
Motor control of muscles around the neck Motor fibres originate in the nucleus ambiguous as the cranial root of the accessory nerve. Motor fibres also originate in the cervical cord grey matter. These exit the cord as rootlets forming the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This ascends upwards alongside the spinal cord, through the foramen magnum, to unite with the cranial root of the accessory nerve and form the accessory nerve. Left sternocleidomastoid pulls head to the right and vice versa. Left side of the brain controls the left sternocleidomastoid and right the right.
35
what happens in epileptic seizures effecting the XI cranial nerve originating in the left frontal region
Right limbs are stimulated, left SCM is stimulated. Right limbs jerk and head jerks to the right.
36
what would a lesion in the high cervical level cause
tetraplegia
37
what kind of control do UMNs have on LMNs
excitatory and inhibitory
38
The LMN cell bodies in the cervical spinal cord supply what
the upper limbs
39
The LMN cell bodies in the thoracic spinal cord supply what
the trunk
40
The LMN cell bodies in the lumbar spinal cord supply what
the lower limbs
41
what is the EPS for
Required for moving groups of muscles to perform actions in a choreographed, sequenced way. Modifies and organises the movements controlled by the cortico-bulbar and cortico-spinal systems.
42
what would internal capsule lesion cause
very small arterial supply but can cause contralateral hemiplegia
43
what is the extrapyramidal system
all the motor centres & tracts that have a significant influence on lower motor neurones additional to the cortico-spinal & cortico-bulbar system
44
where are the cell bodies in the EPS
in the central brain nuclei (deep grey matter rather than cortex)
45
what is the basal ganglia made up of
corpus striatum substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus
46
what is the lenticular nucleus made up of
globus pallidus | Putamen
47
what is important to remember about the corpus striatum
caudate nucleus seperate from the putamen but are functionally grouped together these together are called the neostriatum not to be confused with the corpus striatum which is all of it
48
what is the corpus striatum made up of
caudate nucleus | lenticular nucleus
49
what are the structures of the extrapyramidal system
basal ganglia certain brain stem nuclei associated tracts and networks
50
describe the substantia nigra
distinct pigmented nucleus in the midbrain area
51
what are the distinct brain stem nuclei
``` o Red nucleus o Reticular formation o Vestibular nuclei o Olive o Superior colliculus o These send out axons to affect LMNs ```
52
which system has tendency to form loops and circuits?
the EPS
53
where does information enter the EPS for processing
The neostriatum
54
what areas input into the EPS
the cerebral cortex, the substantia nigra and the thalamus
55
what are the main output areas of the EPS
globus pallidus and substantia nigra
56
which areas are affected by the EPS output
the motor cortex, thalamus and subthalamic nucleus are the bits effected by this output. Most through the subthalamic nucleus to the thalamus and then to the motor cortex.
57
why is the striatum - substantia nigra - striatum loop important
it shows degeneration in idiopathic parkinsons disease
58
what kind of movements are controlled by the EPS
Grosser, more automatic voluntary movements, emotional expression movements, bilateral control of voluntary movements, postural adjustments of the body and the continual postural adjustments that underlie smooth and coordinated voluntary movements as well as control of tone in muscles.
59
how would muscle or LMN disease affect walking
would cause weakness
60
how would UMN (cortico-spinal) disease affect walking
would cause weakness and spasticity
61
what kind of abnormal involuntary movements could EPS cause
 Tremor  Ballismus - spontaneous involuntary movements, muscular weakness and incoordination of movements of the proximal extremities  Chorea - brief, abrupt, irregular, unpredictable, non-stereotyped movements  Athetosis - slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue  Dystonia - causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures  Myoclonus - sudden jerks such as hiccups  tics
62
what kind of alterations of muscle tone could EPS cause
 Rigidity  Lead pipe – constant resistance to movement  Cog wheel – brief fluctuations
63
what kind of abnormal motor control could EPS cause
 Slowness of movement  Impairment of initiation, sequencing and cessation of movement  Impairment/loss of whole actions  Impairment of automatic or emotionally related movement
64
what kind of postural abnormality could EPS cause
 Flexed posture |  Postural instability
65
what kind of abnormal involuntary movements could EPS cause
 Tremor  Ballismus - spontaneous involuntary movements, muscular weakness and incoordination of movements of the proximal extremities  Chorea - brief, abrupt, irregular, unpredictable, non-stereotyped movements  Athetosis - slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue  Dystonia - causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures  Myoclonus - sudden jerks such as hiccups  tics
66
what does parkinsonism cause
* Bradykinesia * Rigidity * Tremor * Postural instability
67
lacunar arteries come off what
middle cerebral arteries
68
what does the anterior cerebral artery supply in terms of the homunculus
legs
69
what does the middle cerebral artery supply in terms of the homunculus
arms and face
70
which cranial nerves are parasympathetic
3, 7 and 9

Year 2 - Semester 1 (13 decks)

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