Neuro - TIA and stroke Flashcards

1
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischaemia, without acute infarction

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2
Q

What is your differential diagnosis for someone coming in with a suspected TIA/Stroke?

A

Lesions detectable on scanning:

  • MS
  • SAH
  • Brain tumour

Clinically discernible differentials:

  • Global transient amnesia
  • Vestibular neuronitis
  • BPPV
  • Syncope

Others:

  • Functional
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Focal seizure
  • Migraine with aura
  • Meningitis/encephalitis
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3
Q

What are some risk factors for TIA/stroke?

A
  • CVS disease: angina, MI, peripheral vascular disease
  • AF
  • Previous stroke/TIA
  • HTN
  • Smoking
  • Vasculitis
  • Thrombophilia
  • COCP
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4
Q

Causes of TIA/Stroke

A
  • Atherothromboembolism from carotids (most common)
  • Cardioembolism: post MI, AF, valvular disease
  • Shock, vasculitis
  • Hyperviscosity: polycythaemia, SCD, myeloma
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5
Q

What investigations should to do for someone coming in with a suspected TIA/stroke?

A
  • Diffusion-weighted MRI is gold standard but in emergency non-contrast CT is faster
  • Aim to find cause and define vascular risk
  • Bloods: FBC, U+E, ESR, glucose, lipids
  • CXR
  • ECG
  • Cardiac echo
  • Carotid Doppler (+/- angiography) - will show if there is need for endarterectomy (beneficial if there is >70% symptomatic stenosis: complications include stroke and death)
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6
Q

What treatment do you give for a TIA?

A

Aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks

  • MR dipyridamole 200mg BD can be used if clopidogrel and aspirin are CI or not tolerated
  • Clopidogrel can be used if aspirin and dipyridamole are CI
  • Aspirin 75mg + MR dipyridamole can be used if clopidogrel CI or not tolerated

Important exceptions:

  1. Patient has bleeding disorder or is taking an anticoagulant (needs immediate admission for imaging and CT to exclude haemorrhage)
  2. Patient is already taking low dose aspirin - continue current dose of aspirin until reviewed by specialise
  3. Aspirin is contraindicated: discuss with specialist team
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7
Q

What acute treatment would you give for an ischaemic stroke?

A
  • Monitor and maintain BM, O2 saturation and temperature within normal limits
  • Do not lower BP in acute phase unless there are complications (eg hypertensive encephalopathy)
  • Aspirin 300mg take PO or rectally as soon as a haemorrhagic stroke has been excluded.
  • If pt is in AF: do not start anticoagulation until haemorrhagic stroke excluded and until 14 days after an ischaemic stroke
  • Thrombolysis with IV alteplase - must be done within 4.5h on onset of sx (exclude haemorrhage)
  • Thrombectomy: offer if pt is within 6h of symptoms and have a PACS confirmed by CT/MRI. Can be offered within 24h if pts have PACS and there is potential to salvage brain tissue (eg wedge infant, limited infarct core volume)
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8
Q

Describe some relative contra-indications of thrombolysis

A

Relative

  • Concurrent anticoagulation (INR >1.7)
  • Haemorrhagic diatheses
  • Active diabetic haemorrhagic retinopathy
  • Suspected intracardiac thrombus
  • Major surgery/trauma in the preceding 2 weeks
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8
Q

Describe some absolute contra-indications of a thrombolysis

A
  • Previous intracranial haemorrhage
  • Seizure at onset of stroke
  • Intracranial neoplasm
  • Suspected SAH
  • Stroke/traumatic brain injury/GI haemorrhage in last 3/12
  • LP in last 7 days
  • Active bleeding
  • Pregnancy
  • Oesophageal varies
  • Uncontrolled HTN (>200/120mmHg)
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11
Q

what secondary treatment should you consider giving to a patient presenting with a stroke/TIA?

A

If source of stroke is cardio-embolic:

  • Consider DOAC/warfarin after exclude haemorrhagic stroke (usually wait 14 days in ischaemic stroke)
  • Can use aspirin 300mg in interim whilst waiting for green light for DOAC/warfarin

Antiplatelet treatment:

  • Clopidogrel 75 mg OD is now 1st line for secondary prevention in patients who have had a stroke
  • Aspirin + MR dipyridamole if clopidogrel CI/not tolerated - treatment no longer limited to 2 years
  • Can give dipyridamole or aspirin alone if the other two are not tolerated/CI -

Other risk reduction

  • Discuss smoking, diet, physical activity alcohol and BMI
  • Lipids: statin 20-80mg (atorvastatin) if total cholesterol >3.5 (but wait 48h before starting a statin due to risk of haemorrhagic transformation)
  • BP medication: aim to achieve BP <130mmHg (or 140-150mmHg if severe bilateral artery stenosis)
  • Arrange F/U in primary care at discharge, 6/12 and annually
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12
Q

How do you treat a haemorrhagic stroke?

A
  • Vast majority of patients are not suitable for surgical intervention
  • Management is supportive
  • Stop anticoagulants to minimise risk of further bleeds
  • Improved outcomes for pts who have their BP lowered acutely
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13
Q

What do you do in the following scenarios:

Patient has had more than one TIA or has suspected cardioembolic source/severe carotid stenosis?

A

Discuss need for admission or observation urgently with stroke specialist

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13
Q

What do you do in the following scenarios:

If the patient has a suspected TIA in last 7 days

A

-Arrange urges assessment (within 24h) by specialist stroke physician

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14
Q

What do you do in the following scenarios:

If the patient has had a suspected TIA that occurred more than 1 week previously

A

-Refer for specialist assessment as soon as possible within 7 days

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15
Q

Name some tools for identifying TIA/stroke

A
  • FAST score: used in community
  • ABCD2: age (>60 = 1), BP (>140/90 = 1), C (clinical features - unilateral weakness = 2, dysphasia without weakness = 1), Duration (>60 mins = 2, 10-60 mins = 1, <10 = 0), Diabetes (1)
  • A higher score suggests a higher risk of stroke within following 48h after a TIA
  • Rosier score
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16
Q

Describe the Rosier score

A

Exclude hypoglycaemia 1st

Category: -1 point for each features

  • LoC or syncope
  • Seizure activity

Category: +1 point for acute new onset of each feature

  • Asymmetric facial weakness
  • Asymmetric arm weakness
  • Asymmetric leg weakness
  • Speech disturbance
  • Visual field defect
  • Stroke is likely if >0
17
Q

What is the HASBLED score and why is it used?

A

Score for major bleeding risk in patients with AF

  • Hypertension: 1
  • Abnormal renal or liver function: 1 each (2 total)
  • Previous stroke: 1
  • Bleeding: 1
  • Labile INR: 1
  • Elderly (>64): 1
  • Drugs or alcohol: 1 each (2 total)

0-2: low or intermediate bleeding risk
>=3: high bleeding risk

21
Q

What is the CHA2DS2-VASc risk and why is it used?

A

-Helps characterise the stroke risk in patient who have AF (whether antithrombotic therapy is recommended)

Score:

  • Congestive heart failure: 1
  • Hypertension: 1
  • Age >75 : 2
  • DM: 1
  • Stroke or TIA: 2
  • Vascular disease: 1
  • Age 65-75: 1
  • Sex: female
22
Q

Based on the Oxford Stroke Classification: what us a TACI?

A

Total anterior circulation infarct (15%) - involves MCA and ACA and all of the criteria are present

  1. Unilateral hemiparesis and/or hemisensory loss of the face/arms/legs
  2. Homonymous hemianopia
  3. Higher cortical dysfunction: eg dysphasia
23
Q

Based on the Oxford Stroke Classification: what is a PACI?

A

Partial Anterior circulation infarcts (25%) - involves smaller arteries of anterior circulation (eg upper or lower division of MCA) must have two of the TACI criteria present

24
Q

Based on the Oxford Stroke Classification: what is a LACI? (25%)

A

Lacunae infarcts

  • Involves arteries around the internal capsule, thalamus and basal ganglia
  • Presents with 1 of the following:
  1. Unilateral weakness (and or sensory deficit) of face/arm/leg or all three
  2. Pure sensory stroke (thalamoperforator arteries)
  3. Ataxic hemiparesis
26
Q

Based on the Oxford Stroke Classification: what is a POCI?

A

Posterior circulation infarcts (25%) - involves vertebrobasilar arteries. Presents with 1 of the following:

  1. Cerebellum or brainstem syndromes
  2. LoC
  3. Isolated homonymous hemianopia
27
Q

What is lateral medullary syndrome?

A
  • Wallenberg syndrome - caused by occlusion of vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery - leads to infarct of the lateral medullary (mickey mouse ears)
  • Ipsilateral: ataxia, nystagmus, dysphasia, facial numbness, horner’s syndrome
  • Contralateral: limb sensory loss (spinothalamic) - dorsal column is not affected because it runs more ventrally
28
Q

What is Weber’s syndrome?

A
  • Ipsilateral III palsy

- Contralateral weakness