neuro: structure of the nervous system Flashcards
what is the human nervous system comprised of?
-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system
what do the two categories of the nervous system consist of?
- cns - spinal cord and brain
-pns- somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (all parts of the nervous system except for the brain and spinal cord)
somatic nervous system: voluntary control of movement and locomotion
autonomic: innervation to the cardiovascular system and smooth muscle.
what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
-sympathetic - fight flight - increased heart rate and blood pressure, depressed digestive functioning
-parasympathetic- rest and digest - decreased heart rate and blood pressure - increased digestive functioning
what are the major brain regions?
- forebrain
-brain stem - cerebellum
recap on some anatomical terms:
anterior posterior, rostral-caudal, dorsal-ventral, superior-inferior.
Anterior posterior : front, behind
rostral caudal: nose, tail
dorsal ventral: top, bottom
superior inferior: above, below
what sections do coronal, horizontal and Sagittal planes break the brain into?
- coronal (crown) - divide the brain into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
-horizontal- divide brain into superior (upper) and inferior ( lower) sections.
-sagittal: midsagittal (midline) or parasagittal (more lateral)
what is the function of the hippocampus?
-hippocampus is greek for “seahorse”
- learning
-memory
- regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary axis
what happens if you get a hippocampal dysfunction?
- anterograde amnesia (unable to create more memories)
- Retrograde amnesia (unable to recall past memories)
what do coronal sections of the brain show us?
coronal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including the hippocampus (the hippocampus is a part of the temporal lobe) - look at ur notes for this lecture for the picture xox
what does the horizontal section show?
-the superior and inferior sections
can reveal imp regions within the forebrain including sub cortical structures such as the hippocampus - again for diagrams check your notes
what does the Sagittal section look like ?
- divide brain into left and right hemispheres and can be further categorised into mid sadittal and parasagittal.
- can reveal imp regions within the forebrain including various sub cortical structures such as THE HIPPOCAMPUS. For diagrams check notes
what are the cranial nerves?
-they are the twelve pairs of nerves that arise from the brain stem that perform a range of functions.
name all the cranial nerves
- first two nerves are CNS the rest are PNS.
I - olfactory (CNS)
II- optic (CNS)
III- oculomotor
IV- trochlear
V- trigeminal
VI- abducens
VII- facial
VIII- auditory-vestibular
IX- glossopharyngeal
X- vagus
XI- spinal accessory
XII- Hypoglossal
function of cranial nerve I?
-special sensory: sensation of smell
In our noses we have olfactory epithelium, which consist of olfactory receptor cells.
The function of olfactory nerve is to mediate thus information to the olfactory bulb, where it is then conveyed to other brain structures. These brain structures are the:
Frontal cortex (conscious perception of smell)
Hippocampus ( odour memory)
Hypothalamus amygdala (motivational and emotional aspects of smell)
function of cranial nerve II?
special sensory: sensation of vision
transmits information from rods and cones in the retina via the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex which is in the occipital lobe of the brain.
This is what allows us to interpret colours in our brain