NEURO SHORT

Question 1

Decreased visual acuity ddx?

Answer 1

Amblyopia
Optic nerve (CN II) pathology - optic neuritis
Retinal/macula disease
Papilloedema only if late stage

Question 2

Cause of relative afferent pupillary defect (AKA Marcus Gunn Pupils)?

Answer 2

Severe retinal damage to affected eye (eg retinal artery/vein occlusion)
Optic nerve pathology of affected eye (optic neuritis, tumour)

Question 3

Causes of reduced colour vision?

Answer 3

Optic neuritis
Vitamin A deficiency
Medication SE - hydroxychloroquine

Question 4

Bitemporal hemianopia ddx?

Answer 4

Optic chasm compression from pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma

Question 5

Homonymous hemianopia or quadrantinopia ddx?

Answer 5

Pathology POSTERIOR to optic chiasm - stroke, tumour, abscess

Question 6

Cause of central scotoma?

Answer 6

Diabetic retinopathy

Demyelinating disease - MS

Question 7

Causes of unilateral visual loss?

Answer 7

Optic nerve pathology

Eye pathology

Question 8

Causes of ptosis?

Answer 8

Horner’s syndrome
Oculomotor (CN III) nerve pathology
Neuromuscular conditions eg Mysathenia gravis

Question 9

Cause of vertical diplopia?

Answer 9

Trochlear nerve (CN IV) palsy

Question 10

Cause of horizontal diplopia?

Answer 10

Abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy

Question 11

Facial nerve (VII) UMN vs LMN pathology?

Answer 11

UMN has forehead sparing

Question 12

Causes of conductive hearing loss?

Answer 12

Otitis media
Otitis externa
Wax buildup
Otosclerosis

Question 13

Causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 13

Genetic - connexion 26 mutation
Viral infections - CMV
Ototoxic medications - gentamicin, cisplatin

Question 14

Absent light reflex but accommodation reflex intact?

Answer 14

Parinaud Syndrome
Loss of vertical gaze, nystagmus on convergence, absent light reflex but intact accommodation
CAUSED BY pineal tumours, multiple sclerosis

Question 15

Causes of macrocephaly?

Answer 15

• Large bones: achondroplasia, rickets, OI, chronic haemolytic anaemias
• Large brain: Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism), neurocutaneous syndromes (NF1, SWS, TSC)
• Cerebral tumours or abscesses
• Hydrocephalus: obstructive (PF tumours, aqueduct stenosis), communicating (failure of resorption post infection/bleed or overproduction in choroid plexus papilloma)

Question 16

Causes of microcephaly?

Answer 16

Craniosynostosis
Familial
Genetic/Syndromic - Aicardi, Angelman, Rett, Rubinstein-Taybi
Perinatal infection (TORCH)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome