Neuro & Sensory Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
More numerous Glial of Neurons?
A
glial
2
Q
produces CSF
A
ependymal cells
3
Q
macrophages of the brain
A
microglia
4
Q
regulates ECF ion levels; gives mechanical support forms BBB
A
astrocytes
5
Q
creates myelin in the CNS
A
oligodenrocytes
6
Q
creates myelin in the PNS
A
schwann cells
7
Q
brain tumors from non-mature neurons
A
neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma
8
Q
Parts of a neuron: receiving portion of the neuron?
A
dendrites
9
Q
Parts of a neuron: where action potential in a neuron actually starts?
A
axon hillock (initial segment)
10
Q
Parts of a neuron: function of myelin sheath?
A
insulator
11
Q
Parts of a neuron: unmyelinated portion of the axon?
A
nodes of ranvier
12
Q
Parts of a neuron: branches of the axons?
A
neural fibril
13
Q
Parts of a neuron: terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles?
A
axon terminal/ boutons/end feet
14
Q
Parts of a neuron: space between two neurons
A
synapse
15
Q
opening of Na-activation gates (Na influx)
A
depolarization
16
Q
closure of Na-inactivation gates + opening of K channels (K efflux)
A
repolarization
17
Q
membrane potential where AP is inevitable
A
threshold
18
Q
portion of AP where MP is positive
A
overshoot
19
Q
portion of AP where MO is <RMP
A
undershoot
20
Q
no AP cab be elicited despite increase stimulus
A
ARP
21
Q
more inward current needed to generate AP
A
RRP
22
Q
other names: Na activation gates
A
M gate
23
Q
other names: Na inactivation gates
A
H gate
24
Q
other names: potassium gates
A
N gate
25
give two sodium channel blockers of neurons?
tetradotoxin (TTX- puffer fish) and Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates)
26
give an example of K channel blockers of neurons
tetraethylammonium
27
causes activation of synaptic vesicles
Ca+2 voltage gated channels
28
death of axon distal to site of injury?
anterograde degeneration (aka valerian degeneration?)
29
changes to SOma after axon is transected?
axonal reaction/ chromatolysis
30
give examples of disease utilizing retrograde axonal transport?
tetanus; butolism
31
axonal regeneration occurs better in which of the ff: CNS or PNS?
PNS
32
what is the principle that in the spinal cord the dorsal roots are sensory and the ventral roots are motor?
Bell-Magendie Law
33
Neurotransmitters: found in the NMJ sympa and Para preganglionic neurons, para and some sympa post-gaglionic neurons?
ACh
34
found in the basal ganglia, large pyramidal cells of the motor cortex, gigantocellular neurons of the REA maybe excitatory or inhibitory?
ACh
35
triggers REM sleep
ACh
36
decreased levels in Huntingtons dementia and alzheimers dementia
ACh
37
found in the lucus ceruleus of pons, post-ganglionic sympa, for arousal/ wakefulness
norEpi
38
secreted mainly by the adrenal medulla
Epiniphrine (80%) while norepi is 20%
39
found in the median raphe of the brain stem, from tryptophan converted to melatonin involved in mood and sleep
serotonin
40
from arginine, not pre-formed (synthesize as needed) permeant gas
Nitric oxide
41
Mnemonic " ILOCUS NORte"
LOCUS ceruleus = NORepinephrine
42
Mnemonic " phenylalanine derivatives"
Pare true love does not exist to me
| "Phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, NE, epiniphrine, thyroxine, melanin"
43
Mnemonic Tryptophan derivatives
"trip mo sya noh?"
| tryptophan, Melatonin, serotonin, Niacin
44
Neurotransmitters: found in the spinal interneurons main inhibitory NT; increases chloride influx?
glycine
45
Neurotransmitters: found in the brain, mainly inhibitory NT, from glutamate, increase chloride influx or potassium efflux
(GABA-a) (GABA-B)
46
Neurotransmitters: excitatory NT in the CNS activate NMDA receptors
glutamate
47
Neurotransmitters: inhibits neurons in the brain involved in pain perception
opiod peptides
48
Neurotransmitters: involved in Fast pain
| and Slow pain
glutamate
| substance P
49
the brain, lobe: hearing and balance
temporal lobe
50
the brain, lobe: vision
occipital lobe
51
the brain: lobe motor
frontal lobe
52
the brain: lobe somato sensory
parietal lobe
53
the brain: sex, thirst, appetite, body clock, temp
hypothalamus
54
the brain: coughing, vomiting, swallowing, resp, and vasomotor center
medulla
55
the brain: apneustic, pneumotaxic center
pons
56
the brain: micturaion center
pons
57
the brain: behaviour emotions motivation
limbic system
58
location: broca's area
opercular/triangular part of the Inferior frontal lobe BA 45
59
location: wernicke's area
superior temporal lobe BA 21,22
60
silent area of the brain contributes to balance
cerebellum
61
for communication between corresponding areas of teh cerebral hemespheres
corpus callosum
62
where memory is stored
throughout the brain (esp temporal lobe)
63
3 types of memory
Short term
intermediate
long term memory
64
output pathway from reward and punishment centers; lesions here will produce ANTEROgrade amnesia
Hippocampus
65
helps search memory storehouses; lesions will produce RETROgrade amnesia relay station for almost all sensatoins
thalamus
66
can see words but not readily grasp meaning despite normal intelligence
dyslexia
67
dermatomal level of anus?
S5
68
sympathectomy effect
orthostatic hypotension
69
EEG wave; alert
beta wave
70
EEG wave; relaxed
alpha wave
71
EEG wave; deep sleep
delta wave
72
EEG wave; REM sleep
beta
73
substance suspected to induce sleep
muramyl peptide
74
percentage of REM sleep in newborns
50%
75
master clock
SCN
76
regulates master clock
Pineal gland
77
synthesizes vasopressin
supraoptic nuclei
78
synthesizes oxytocin
paraventricular nuclei (magnocellular cells)
79
responsible for appetite
lateral nuclei ("lamon")
80
responsible for satiety
ventromedial nuclei ("vuchog")
81
dissipation of heat
anterior nuclei
82
conservation of heat
posterior nuclei
83
reward center
medial forebrain bundle
84
social inhibition
amygdala
85
what is the main mechanism for heat loss?
radiation
86
what is the main mechanism for heat conservation?
shivering
87
threshold for drinking water?
inc in plasma Na conc > 2 mEq/L
88
most metabolic organ in the body
brain
89
organ with highest AVO2 difference?
heart
90
CSF in the brain; Volume?
150 ml
91
CSF produced per day
500 ml
92
elements of BBB
endothelial cells, astrocyte foot processes, choroid plexus epithelium
93
sympa or para?: meiosis
para
94
sympa or para?: sweating
sympa
95
sympa or para?: salivation
both
96
sympa or para?: inc heart rate/ contractility
sympa
97
sympa or para?: bronchodilation
sympa
98
sympa or para?: GI motility
para
99
sympa or para?: GU and GI sphincter contraction
sympa
100
sympa or para?: uterine contraction and relaxation
sympa
101
sympa or para?: urination
sympa
102
sympa or para?: defecation
sympa
103
sympa or para?: vasodilation- skeletal muscle
sympa
104
sympa or para?: vasoconstriction skin GI tract
sympa
105
sympa or para?: erection
para
106
sympa or para?: pilorection
sympa
107
Tactile receptor: detects movement of objects and low freq vibrations found in glabrous skin
meissners
108
Tactile receptor: for continous touch, grouped into Iggo dome receptors
merkels
109
Tactile receptor: detects movement of objects in skin
hair end organ
110
Tactile receptor: for pressure for heavy and prolonged touch found in deep skin internal tissues and joint capsules
ruffini's end organ
111
Tactile receptor: for frequency vibration onion like in structure
pacinian
112
detects steady stimulus seen in muscle spindle golgi tendon slow pain receptor etc..
slowly adapting receptors
113
small receptive field with well defined borders type1 or 2?
type 1
114
third order neuron of the sensory pathway are found where sensory receptor dorsal root cranial nerve ganglia spinal cord/brainstem
thalamus
115
crosses the midline immediately ALS or DC
ALS
116
light touch ALS or DC
Both
117
what temperature would trigger pain receptors
43
118
action potential in the retina is due to which of the ff dep or hyperpolarization?
hyperpolarization
119
how do i correct the following: myopia
biconcave lens
120
how do i correct the following: hyperopia
convex lens
121
how do i correct the following: astigmatism
cylindrical
122
how do i correct the following: presbyopia
convex
123
substance which directly stimulates the rods?
metarhodopsin 2
124
the eye has 59 diopters of refractive power 1/3 is contributed by?
lens
125
when looking at DISTANT objects the ciliary muscles are _____? the suspensory ligaments are _______? the lens are_____shape?
relaxed, tensed, flat
126
absorb stray light and prevent them from scattering
pigment epithelium
127
site of macular degeneration and retinal detachment
pigment epithelium
128
interneurons that connect ROds and Cones, contrast detectors
bipolar cells
129
retinal glial cells that maintain internal geometry
meuller cells
130
retinal output cells whose axons form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
131
function of pinna?
sound collection and localization
132
function of the middle ear
impedance matching
133
connects outer and middle ear (equalizes pressure)
eustachian tube
134
frequency analyzer
basilar membrane
135
for linear & sometimes angular acceleration/ deceleration
utricle & saccule
136
for vertical acceleration U or Saccule?
saccule
137
for Horizontal acceleratoin U or saccule?
utricle
138
Sensory: masks background noise
attenuation/ auditory
139
Sensory: max allowable workplace loudness x 8 hours
85-90 dB
140
Sensory: loudness causing pain
120 dB
141
Sensory: tongue location: sweet
tip of tongue
142
Sensory: tongue location: umami
tip
143
Sensory: tongue location: salty sour
sides
144
Sensory: tongue location: bitter
back of tongue
145
nerve fiber used by smell
type c
146
taste w/ lowest stimulation threshold?
bitter
147
produces ptyalin
parotid gland (serous)
