Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Pearls > Neuro & Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Neuro & Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

More numerous Glial of Neurons?

A

glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

produces CSF

A

ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

macrophages of the brain

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

regulates ECF ion levels; gives mechanical support forms BBB

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

creates myelin in the CNS

A

oligodenrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

creates myelin in the PNS

A

schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parts of a neuron: receiving portion of the neuron?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parts of a neuron: where action potential in a neuron actually starts?

A

axon hillock (initial segment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parts of a neuron: function of myelin sheath?

A

insulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parts of a neuron: unmyelinated portion of the axon?

A

nodes of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parts of a neuron: branches of the axons?

A

neural fibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parts of a neuron: terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles?

A

axon terminal/ boutons/end feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parts of a neuron: space between two neurons

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

opening of Na-activation gates (Na influx)

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

closure of Na-inactivation gates + opening of K channels (K efflux)

A

repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

membrane potential where AP is inevitable

A

threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

portion of AP where MP is positive

A

overshoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

portion of AP where MO is <RMP

A

undershoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

no AP cab be elicited despite increase stimulus

A

ARP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

more inward current needed to generate AP

A

RRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

other names: Na activation gates

A

M gate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

other names: Na inactivation gates

A

H gate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

other names: potassium gates

A

N gate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

give two sodium channel blockers of neurons?

A

tetradotoxin (TTX- puffer fish) and Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

give an example of K channel blockers of neurons

A

tetraethylammonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

causes activation of synaptic vesicles

A

Ca+2 voltage gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

death of axon distal to site of injury?

A

anterograde degeneration (aka valerian degeneration?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

changes to SOma after axon is transected?

A

axonal reaction/ chromatolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

give examples of disease utilizing retrograde axonal transport?

A

tetanus; butolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

axonal regeneration occurs better in which of the ff: CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the principle that in the spinal cord the dorsal roots are sensory and the ventral roots are motor?

A

Bell-Magendie Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neurotransmitters: found in the NMJ sympa and Para preganglionic neurons, para and some sympa post-gaglionic neurons?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

found in the basal ganglia, large pyramidal cells of the motor cortex, gigantocellular neurons of the REA maybe excitatory or inhibitory?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

triggers REM sleep

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

decreased levels in Huntingtons dementia and alzheimers dementia

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

found in the lucus ceruleus of pons, post-ganglionic sympa, for arousal/ wakefulness

A

norEpi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

secreted mainly by the adrenal medulla

A

Epiniphrine (80%) while norepi is 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

found in the median raphe of the brain stem, from tryptophan converted to melatonin involved in mood and sleep

A

serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

from arginine, not pre-formed (synthesize as needed) permeant gas

A

Nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mnemonic “ ILOCUS NORte”

A

LOCUS ceruleus = NORepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mnemonic “ phenylalanine derivatives”

A

Pare true love does not exist to me

“Phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, NE, epiniphrine, thyroxine, melanin”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Mnemonic Tryptophan derivatives

A

“trip mo sya noh?”

tryptophan, Melatonin, serotonin, Niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Neurotransmitters: found in the spinal interneurons main inhibitory NT; increases chloride influx?

A

glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Neurotransmitters: found in the brain, mainly inhibitory NT, from glutamate, increase chloride influx or potassium efflux

A

(GABA-a) (GABA-B)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Neurotransmitters: excitatory NT in the CNS activate NMDA receptors

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Neurotransmitters: inhibits neurons in the brain involved in pain perception

A

opiod peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Neurotransmitters: involved in Fast pain

and Slow pain

A

glutamate

substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the brain, lobe: hearing and balance

A

temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the brain, lobe: vision

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the brain: lobe motor

A

frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the brain: lobe somato sensory

A

parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the brain: sex, thirst, appetite, body clock, temp

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the brain: coughing, vomiting, swallowing, resp, and vasomotor center

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the brain: apneustic, pneumotaxic center

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the brain: micturaion center

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the brain: behaviour emotions motivation

A

limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

location: broca’s area

A

opercular/triangular part of the Inferior frontal lobe BA 45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

location: wernicke’s area

A

superior temporal lobe BA 21,22

60
Q

silent area of the brain contributes to balance

A

cerebellum

61
Q

for communication between corresponding areas of teh cerebral hemespheres

A

corpus callosum

62
Q

where memory is stored

A

throughout the brain (esp temporal lobe)

63
Q

3 types of memory

A

Short term
intermediate
long term memory

64
Q

output pathway from reward and punishment centers; lesions here will produce ANTEROgrade amnesia

A

Hippocampus

65
Q

helps search memory storehouses; lesions will produce RETROgrade amnesia relay station for almost all sensatoins

A

thalamus

66
Q

can see words but not readily grasp meaning despite normal intelligence

A

dyslexia

67
Q

dermatomal level of anus?

A

S5

68
Q

sympathectomy effect

A

orthostatic hypotension

69
Q

EEG wave; alert

A

beta wave

70
Q

EEG wave; relaxed

A

alpha wave

71
Q

EEG wave; deep sleep

A

delta wave

72
Q

EEG wave; REM sleep

A

beta

73
Q

substance suspected to induce sleep

A

muramyl peptide

74
Q

percentage of REM sleep in newborns

A

50%

75
Q

master clock

A

SCN

76
Q

regulates master clock

A

Pineal gland

77
Q

synthesizes vasopressin

A

supraoptic nuclei

78
Q

synthesizes oxytocin

A

paraventricular nuclei (magnocellular cells)

79
Q

responsible for appetite

A

lateral nuclei (“lamon”)

80
Q

responsible for satiety

A

ventromedial nuclei (“vuchog”)

81
Q

dissipation of heat

A

anterior nuclei

82
Q

conservation of heat

A

posterior nuclei

83
Q

reward center

A

medial forebrain bundle

84
Q

social inhibition

A

amygdala

85
Q

what is the main mechanism for heat loss?

A

radiation

86
Q

what is the main mechanism for heat conservation?

A

shivering

87
Q

threshold for drinking water?

A

inc in plasma Na conc > 2 mEq/L

88
Q

most metabolic organ in the body

A

brain

89
Q

organ with highest AVO2 difference?

A

heart

90
Q

CSF in the brain; Volume?

A

150 ml

91
Q

CSF produced per day

A

500 ml

92
Q

elements of BBB

A

endothelial cells, astrocyte foot processes, choroid plexus epithelium

93
Q

sympa or para?: meiosis

A

para

94
Q

sympa or para?: sweating

A

sympa

95
Q

sympa or para?: salivation

A

both

96
Q

sympa or para?: inc heart rate/ contractility

A

sympa

97
Q

sympa or para?: bronchodilation

A

sympa

98
Q

sympa or para?: GI motility

A

para

99
Q

sympa or para?: GU and GI sphincter contraction

A

sympa

100
Q

sympa or para?: uterine contraction and relaxation

A

sympa

101
Q

sympa or para?: urination

A

sympa

102
Q

sympa or para?: defecation

A

sympa

103
Q

sympa or para?: vasodilation- skeletal muscle

A

sympa

104
Q

sympa or para?: vasoconstriction skin GI tract

A

sympa

105
Q

sympa or para?: erection

A

para

106
Q

sympa or para?: pilorection

A

sympa

107
Q

Tactile receptor: detects movement of objects and low freq vibrations found in glabrous skin

A

meissners

108
Q

Tactile receptor: for continous touch, grouped into Iggo dome receptors

A

merkels

109
Q

Tactile receptor: detects movement of objects in skin

A

hair end organ

110
Q

Tactile receptor: for pressure for heavy and prolonged touch found in deep skin internal tissues and joint capsules

A

ruffini’s end organ

111
Q

Tactile receptor: for frequency vibration onion like in structure

A

pacinian

112
Q

detects steady stimulus seen in muscle spindle golgi tendon slow pain receptor etc..

A

slowly adapting receptors

113
Q

small receptive field with well defined borders type1 or 2?

A

type 1

114
Q

third order neuron of the sensory pathway are found where sensory receptor dorsal root cranial nerve ganglia spinal cord/brainstem

A

thalamus

115
Q

crosses the midline immediately ALS or DC

A

ALS

116
Q

light touch ALS or DC

A

Both

117
Q

what temperature would trigger pain receptors

A

43

118
Q

action potential in the retina is due to which of the ff dep or hyperpolarization?

A

hyperpolarization

119
Q

how do i correct the following: myopia

A

biconcave lens

120
Q

how do i correct the following: hyperopia

A

convex lens

121
Q

how do i correct the following: astigmatism

A

cylindrical

122
Q

how do i correct the following: presbyopia

A

convex

123
Q

substance which directly stimulates the rods?

A

metarhodopsin 2

124
Q

the eye has 59 diopters of refractive power 1/3 is contributed by?

A

lens

125
Q

when looking at DISTANT objects the ciliary muscles are _____? the suspensory ligaments are _______? the lens are_____shape?

A

relaxed, tensed, flat

126
Q

absorb stray light and prevent them from scattering

A

pigment epithelium

127
Q

site of macular degeneration and retinal detachment

A

pigment epithelium

128
Q

interneurons that connect ROds and Cones, contrast detectors

A

bipolar cells

129
Q

retinal glial cells that maintain internal geometry

A

meuller cells

130
Q

retinal output cells whose axons form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

131
Q

function of pinna?

A

sound collection and localization

132
Q

function of the middle ear

A

impedance matching

133
Q

connects outer and middle ear (equalizes pressure)

A

eustachian tube

134
Q

frequency analyzer

A

basilar membrane

135
Q

for linear & sometimes angular acceleration/ deceleration

A

utricle & saccule

136
Q

for vertical acceleration U or Saccule?

A

saccule

137
Q

for Horizontal acceleratoin U or saccule?

A

utricle

138
Q

Sensory: masks background noise

A

attenuation/ auditory

139
Q

Sensory: max allowable workplace loudness x 8 hours

A

85-90 dB

140
Q

Sensory: loudness causing pain

A

120 dB

141
Q

Sensory: tongue location: sweet

A

tip of tongue

142
Q

Sensory: tongue location: umami

A

tip

143
Q

Sensory: tongue location: salty sour

A

sides

144
Q

Sensory: tongue location: bitter

A

back of tongue

145
Q

nerve fiber used by smell

A

type c

146
Q

taste w/ lowest stimulation threshold?

A

bitter

147
Q

produces ptyalin

A

parotid gland (serous)

Physiology Pearls (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions