Neuro review

Question 1

What are the 3 components that make up the extrapyramidal system?

Answer 1

The basal ganglia, the thalamus, the cerebellum (extraP-BTC)

Question 2

extrapyramidal disorders are described as _______ or __________ syndromes

Answer 2

hypo kinetic or hyperkinetic

Question 3

Define hypokinesia

Answer 3

<b>slow</b> and effortful movement, with <b>limited</b> or <b> absent automatic movements</b>, and <b>rigidity</b> of limbs and body

Question 4

most typical and common hypo kinetic condition

Answer 4

Parkinson’s disease, <i>frequently accompanied by a characteristic rest tremor of the limbs</i>

Question 5

How do hyperkinetic syndromes present?

Answer 5

With a variety of abnormal, involuntary, quick or slow movements

Question 6

Hyperkinetic syndrome examples are

Answer 6

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, idiopathic tremor, Huntington’s disease, generalized dystonia

Question 7

What are the speech characteristics of Parkinsonsonian or hypo kinetic dysarthria?

Answer 7

• hypophonia
• fainting of the voice at the end of the word or phrase
• blurred articulation
• fluctuations between slow and rapid speech
• repetitions of syllables or words

Question 8

define hypophonia

Answer 8

whispering voice

Question 9

Which part of the brain is responsible for body balance and coordination of movements of hands, feet, head, eyes, and mouth?

Answer 9

cerebellum

Question 10

cerebellar lesions result in _____ dysarthria

Answer 10

ataxic

Question 11

Speech characteristics of ataxic dysarthria

Answer 11

more or less slow, blurred, and hesitating speech, with fluctuating intonation and either mute or explosive phonemes

Question 12

(TRUE OR FALSE) The cerebellum coordinates and monitors the succession of movements necessary to achieve a a precise action that consists of multiple movements (i.e., clapping of hands, pointing index finger to nose, walking, as well as speech)

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Hypophonia could be indicative of

Answer 13

1) Parkinson’s disease (hypo kinetic dysarthria)

2) Paralysis of one vocal fold caused by a. lesion in the vagus nerve

Question 14

Function of Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal)

Answer 14

1) Controls mastication movements

2) mainly the sensory nerve of the face

Question 15

Function of Cranial Nerve VII (facial)

Answer 15

• the principal motor nerve of the face (including the lips and chin)

Question 16

Paralysis of the Facial (VII) nerve on one side results in

Answer 16

asymmetry of the face/ peripheral facial paralysis (i.e., Bell’s palsy)

Question 17

What 3 cranial nerves innervate the muscles of the pharynx, the larynx, the vocal cords, and the tongue?

Answer 17

Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Hypoglossal (XII)

Question 18

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 18

on the pre-central gyrus, anterior to the central sulcus

Question 19

(TRUE OR FALSE) Every part of the body that can be voluntarily moved is represented on the primary motor cortex

Answer 19

True

Question 20

(TRUE OR FALSE) The limbic system, e.g., hypothalamus and amygdala, has no affect on speech

Answer 20

(FALSE) The limbic system controls and coordinates the autonomic system and therefore the nervous system, which may affect the capacities of a person to speak (i.e., a speaker with aphasia who performs differently when stressed or relaxed)

Question 21

The right half of the body is represented by which hemisphere

Answer 21

left hemisphere and vice versa

Question 22

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?

Answer 22

On the post central gyrus, posterior to the central sulcus

Question 23

The motor and somatosensory cortex work in close collaboration, and together they are called the _________ area of the cortex

Answer 23

sensorimotor

Question 24

How would you describe the relationship of the correspondence between parts of the body and the motor and somatosensory cortical areas?

Answer 24

1) Reversed (feet on top, above hip, torso, arm, hand, face, and mouth)
2) Somatotopically organized: Areas of the body are proportionally represented by the complexity of their movements or to their sensitivity

Question 25

Describe the location of the temporal lobe

Answer 25

Below the lateral sulcus/ Sylvian Fissure

Question 26

How is the primary auditory cortex organized?

Answer 26

Tonotopically, according to the frequency of sounds

Question 27

Describe how a stroke in the posterior cerebral artery can affect an individual’s vision

Answer 27

Since the right half of the visual field of BOTH eyes is represented at the left visual cortex and vice versa, a lesion in this area (or of the artery supplying this area - PCA) will make the person blind in the contralateral visual field.

Question 28

(TRUE OR FALSE) The RT half of the visual field of BOTH eyes is represented at the right visual cortex

Answer 28

FALSE; The RT half of the visual field of BOTH eyes is represented at the LEFT visual cortex (<i>and vice versa</i>)

Question 29

Which area of the brain is responsible for the identification of a visual object?

Answer 29

The association cortex toward the inferior posterior temporal cortex (anterior to the occipital lobe and primary visual cortex)

The “What” pathway

Question 30

Which area of the brain is involved in the identification of the location of an object in space?

Answer 30

The association cortex toward the posterior parietal cortex (parietal association cortex)

The “where” pathway

Question 31

Which area of the brain is involved in identifying somatosensory stimuli?

Answer 31

The parietal regions immediately posterior to the somatosensory cortex (somatosensory association cortex)

Question 32

Lesions in the association areas of the brain may produce what kind of deficits?

Answer 32

Selective perceptual deficits

Question 33

What are examples of selective perceptual deficits?

Answer 33

• erroneous perception of shapes, motion, colors

- agnosias

Question 34

define agnosia

Answer 34

patient cannot recognize things that he or she readily recognized before

Question 35

define visual agnosia

Answer 35

pt may not recognize common objects through vision

Question 36

define prosopagnosia

Answer 36

pt may not recognize familiar faces through vision (face blindness)

Question 37

acoustic or auditory agnosia

Answer 37

pt may not recognize pure sounds

Question 38

auditory verbal agnosia

Answer 38

pt does not recognize words through audition in the absence of aphasia or hearing deficits (pure word deafness)

Question 39

spatial agnosia

Answer 39

pt may not be able to orient themselves or move in familiar surroundings

Question 40

what is another name for the prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

the anterior multimodal associations cortex

Question 41

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for

Answer 41

• working memory
• planning and organizing of motor sequences
• monitoring and control of various behaviors (either motor or social)

Question 42

What would you expect to see in a persons with lesions in the frontal lobe?

Answer 42

dysexecutive syndrome, including awkward social behavior and behavioral changes, such as apathy and passivity or disinhibition and aggressiveness (depending on which area of the frontal lobe -medial or lateral - is affected)

Question 43

ideomotor apraxia

Answer 43

where pt finds it impossible to perform simple movements such as a military salute or waving goodbye

Question 44

ideational apraxia

Answer 44

difficulty in executing a sequence of simple movements necessary to achieve a complex task, such as addressing and mailing a letter

Question 45

a cognitive evaluation should assess which areas?

Answer 45

attention
memory
executive function

Question 46

define aphasia

Answer 46

an acquired selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere