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Neuro Review Flashcards

1
Q

gray matter consists of

A

unmyelinated neurons (has glial cells, cell bodies and dendrites)

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2
Q

white matter consists of

A

nerve fibers and mylenated axons

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3
Q

cranial nerves, spinal nerves and all plexus’s are part of the

A

PNS

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4
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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5
Q

spinal nerves have both an ___ root and ___ root

A

ant and post
ant carries motor away from CNS (efferent)
post carries sensation to CNS (afferent)

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6
Q

what is the somatic NS

A

the peripheral and motor fibers (voluntary mvmt)

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7
Q

the sympathetic and parasymp systems make up the

A

ANS

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8
Q

what influence does ANS have on body

A

the ANS influences all body organs, vessels, and glands regardig maintainig homeostasis

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9
Q

the white matter in the cerebrum is aka

A

corpus collasum (communication btwn both sides of brain)

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10
Q

which side of the brain is logical, language (analytical, production of written and spoken language)

A

Left, language, logical

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11
Q

traits of R side of brain

A

nonverbal processing
artistist ability
expression

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12
Q

what part of the brain controls voluntary movment

A

the cerebrum (motor cortex) in the frontal lobe

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13
Q

Brocas area is located where

A

L frontal hemisphere

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14
Q

what is brocas area

A

it is responsible for speech production (say what you want to say)

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15
Q

what is wernickes area

A

where language is understood (usually in Left temporal)

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16
Q

judgement, reasoning, behavior, personality all come from what lobe

A

Frontal

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17
Q

if frontal lobe is damaged what would you expect to see as far as weakness

A

CONTRA lateral weakness

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18
Q

if frontal lobe is damaged, what would you see as far as overall presentation

A

personality changes, brocas aphasia, impaired concentration

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19
Q

primary motor cortex is what lobe

A

frontal lobe of cerebrum

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20
Q

primary location for processing smell and sound is what lobe

A

temporal lobe of cerebrum

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21
Q

perception of touch, sensation, temp, vibration, spatial perception all are what lobe (sensory awareness)

A

pariatal

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22
Q

main processing center for visual input and diminsions

A

occipital lobe

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23
Q

this is responsible for forming and storing new memories, declaring memories, and learning language (also list lobe)

A

hippocampus (it’s in temporal lobe)

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24
Q

gray matter massess in the cerebrum that are responsible for voluntary movment, posture, and control of motor responses

A

basal ganglia

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25
diseases of the basal ganglia
parkinsons, huntingtonns, tourettses, ADD, obsessions
26
what it huntingtons
it's hyperactivity of basal ganglia, too much motor output causing (chorea-uncontrolled movement)
27
main function of the amygdala is
emotional and social processing, fear responses
28
paralysis is due to damage of the
frontal lobe
29
loss of executive function is due to damage of the
frontal lobe
30
deficits in sensory awareness is due to damage of what lobe
parietal
31
damage to what lobe would result in short and long term memory deficit
temporal lobe
32
function of hypothalamus
recieves and integrates info from ANS and assists in regulating hormones involved in THIRST, temp, hunger, sex and sleep
33
coordination of patterned movement (alternating) is due to what part of brain
cerebellum
34
damage to R side of CEREBELLUM would cause symtpoms on what side of body
cerbellum is ipsi so R side
35
ataxia, hypometria or hypermetria, poor coordination, poor posture these are all deficits of damage to the
cerebellum
36
main function of brainstem
primitive functions (breathing and HR regulation)
37
what arteries take blood to brain (2 main AA that end up forming branch of willis)
internal carotid (from common carotid) take blood to brain from ant part of body vertebral AA take blood from post part of body to brain
38
common carotid -> internal carotid-> ____
MCA
39
essentiall, the vertebral arteries feed what main arteries in brain
PCA
40
essentially, the ICA feed what main arteries in brain
MCA, ACA
41
infarct of the ACA would result in what
contralateral LE motor and sensory issues loss of behavior control mental changes apraxia
42
infarct of the MCA would result in what presentation
more UE involvement speech/language issues (also with interpretation) Wernickes aphasia homonomous heminopsia
43
infarct of PCA results in what presentation
``` contra pain and temp issues thalmic pain syndrome homonymous hemianopsia memory issues cortical blindness ```
44
3 meningies
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
45
what is Brudzinskis sign and Kernigs sign
Brudzinski - flexion of neck flexes LE Kernig- pain with hip flexion indicative of meningitis
46
purpose of ventricular system in brain
protect and nourish brain with fluid
47
hydrocephalus is an increase in CSF within the ____
ventricles
48
every spinal nerve has what 2 main structures
a dorsal root (sensory afferent) | a venral root (motor efferent)
49
afferent vs efferent
afferent - towards | efferent-away
50
dorsal column tract is what kind and what is it responsible for
afferent | sensory for upper body (vibration and 2 pt discrimination)
51
spinocerebellar tract is what kind and responsible for what
sensory afferent | subconscious proprioception, muscle tension, posture, LE
52
spinoreticular tract is what kind and is resposible for what
afferent | levels of consciousness
53
spinothalmic tract is what kind and is responsible for what
sensory afferent light touch and pressure pain and temp
54
list the afferent tracts
dorsal column, spinocerebellar, spinoreticular, spinothalmic
55
sensory comes in the ____ and motor goes out the___
sensory comes in the back motor goes out the front
56
list the efferent motor tracs
corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal
57
so if the tract says spinal it's a ___ tract
spinal is motor (Al's motors) | spino is sensory
58
corticospinAL tract is what kind and is responsible for what
Al = motor voluntary movments, skilled movements ant corticospinal-ipsi post is contra
59
damage to corticospinal tracts can result in what common neuro test being pos
babinskis
60
reticulospinAL
al-motor | facilitation of voluntary movement
61
what is brown sequard syndrome
hemisection or incomplete lesion of the spinal cord, usually by a stabbing, IPSILATERAL symptoms
62
sensory nerves of PNS originate where
dorsal root ganglion
63
motor nerves of PNS originate where
anterior horn (shorter)
64
what is a dendrite
an extension of the cell body that recieves signals
65
nerve receptors that respond to changes in lengt in muscle
muscle spindle
66
nerve receptors that respond to change in tension or stretch
golgi tendon
67
brief gaps in myelination of the axon to facilitate rapid conduction of impulses (jumps)
nodes of ranvier
68
how to test CN 3
have them look up, down and in
69
how to test CN 4
down and inward gaze of eye (trochlear nerve has to do with motor to eye)
70
abducens nerve does what
voluntary motor to eye lateral gaze
71
CN involved in eye MOVEMENT
3, 4, 6
72
which CN is tested by having the pt open and say "ahh"
vagus
73
how to test CN 11
accessory - resist a shoulder shrug (this plays a part with voluntary motor to SCM and traps)
74
which CN is tested by having pt stick tounge out
hypoglossal (tounge should protrude symetrcially and not drift to one side)
75
dorsal scapular nerve innervates
rhomboids levator scap
76
what is the difference btwn a superficial reflex and deep tendon reflex
superficial is like a brush of the skin, it has to travel to the brain and back, deep tendon (like using reflex hammer) travels through the arc, they are more primative
77
what are the grades of deep tendon reflex grading
``` 0 nothing 1+ diminished 2+ normal 3+ brisk or slightly exagerated 4+ hypertonic ```
78
spinal level of achilles tendon reflex
S1-S2
79
If pt has a deficit with a deep tendon reflex and has paralysis or atrophy of muscle, where is the lesion located
anterior horn of spinal cord (efferent arc)
80
if pt has a deficit with a tendon reflex and exhibits sensory symptoms but not paralysis or motor output (atrophy) where is the lesion
afferent part of arc, dorsal horn
81
3 main categories of sensory testing
superficial - light touch deep- pressure and vibration cortical- 2 pt discrimiation
82
what is barognosis
trying to assess wt of objects and compare in your hand
83
writing a number or drawing on the skin and having the pt guess it is called
graphesthesia
84
what is kinesthesia
identifying direction and extent of motion of a body part
85
what is it called when you can touch and object and identify it without looking at it
stereogenesis
86
what is allodynia
sensation of pain as an abnormal response
87
anesthesia is what
absence of touch sensation
88
dyesthesia is what
distortion of sensation
89
hyperpathia is what
extreme exaggerated response of pain
90
shock like pains that radiate is known as
neuralgia
91
what is Wallerian degeneration
distal degeneration from the axon
92
mildest form of acute peripheral nerve injury. usually from a crushing injury, minimal symptoms, recovery is good
neurapraxia
93
3 classifications of acute periperial nerve injuries
neurapraxia axonotmesis neruotmesis
94
classification of acute peripheral nerve injury where there is some damage to the axons, usually caused by traction or compression injuries, distal wallerian issues can occur, this is the moderate level
axonotmesis
95
what is causalgia
constant burning after a PN injury
96
an extreme response to pain
hyperpathia
97
existance of 2 separate lesions along the same nerve that create more intense symptoms
double crush syndrome ( a PN lesion)
98
an isolated PN lesion
mono neuropathy
99
most severe grade of a PN injury/lesion
neurotmesis
100
explain neurotmesis
axon, myelin, everything is damaged and it is irreversible. flaccid paralysis with wasting.

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