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Neuro Recap Flashcards

1
Q

What do oligodendrocytes myelinated?

A

Brain

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2
Q

What do Schwann cells myelinate?

A

PNS

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3
Q

Define nuclei

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS

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4
Q

Define ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS and some in the CNS (In a capsule)

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5
Q

What sort of information is carried on afferent fibres?

A

Sensory fibres towards CNS

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6
Q

What sort of information is carried on efferent fibres?

A

Motor fibres away from the CNS

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7
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary movement on opposite side of the body
Dominant frontal lobe controls speech and writing
Intellectual functioning, thought processes, reasoning and memory

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8
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

receives and interprets sensations including pain, touch, pressure and proprioception

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9
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

understanding spoken word (Wernicke’s)

Memory and emotion

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10
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

Understanding visual images and meaning of written words

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11
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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12
Q

What are the components of the striatum

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

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13
Q

What are the components of the lentiform nucleus

A

Globus pallidus and the putamen

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14
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Co-ordinates movement and balance

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15
Q

Describe the function of the hippocampus

A

Episodic memory
Construction of mental images
Short term memory
spatial memory and navigation

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16
Q

How many axons can oligodendrocytes myelinate?

A

Multiple

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17
Q

How many axons can Schwann cells myelinate

A

Single

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18
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line ventricles of the brain and regulate the production and flow of CSF

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19
Q

Which cells make up the BBB?

A

Endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes

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20
Q

What are the features of the blood brain barrier

A

Endothelial tight junctions
Astrocyte end feet
Pericytes
Continuous basement membrane

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21
Q

What is the name given to areas of the brain that lack a BBB?

A

Circumentricular organs ie. posterior pituitary

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22
Q

Where does the CSF circulate

A

Subarachnoid space

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23
Q

What is the volume of the CSF?

A

120mls

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24
Q

What is found in the CSF?

A

Protein, urea, glucose and salts

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25
Where is the CSF produced?
By ependymal cells in the choroid plexus
26
How is CSF reabsorbed?
Via arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus
27
Describe what happens in hydrocephalus?
Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain which leads to a build up of pressure often due to a blocked cerebral aqueduct
28
Describe the passage of CSF
Produced by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus then from the lateral ventricles it travels to the 3rd ventricle via the intraventricular forum and then from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct. From the 4th it communicates with subarachnoid space via the foramen of magendie and the foramen of Luschka
29
What are the 5 processes of synaptic transmission
1. Manufacture (intracellular biochemical processes) 2. Storage - vesicles 3. Release - AP 4. Interact with post synaptic receptors 5. Inactivation
30
What are the two main acetylcholine receptors
muscarinic | Nicotinic
31
What enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
Acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate
32
What functional area of the brain surrounds the primary auditory cortex?
Wernicke's area
33
What is the function of Wernicke's area
processing of language
34
Inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body are important for what sense
Hearing
35
The superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body are important for what sense?
Vision
36
Which part of the eye is involved in the accommodation reflex?
Cilliary muscle
37
What does the iris do?
Controls the size of the pupil which lets light into the eye
38
What does the dilator papillae muscle do?
Dilates the pupil (Sympathetic)
39
What does the spinchter papillae do?
Constricts the pupil (Parasympathetic)
40
What are the two muscles attached to the tarsal plate?
Levatator palpibra superioris | Obicularis oculi
41
Which fibres cross at the optic chiasm
Nasal portion of the retina, carrying the temporary visual field
42
Where in the thalamus do optic tracts join too?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
43
Outline the order of the visual pathway from eye to visual cortex
``` Eye Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract lateral geniculate body Optic radiation Visual cortex ```
44
What is the name of the optic radiation that passes through the parietal lobe?
Baums loop
45
What is the name given to optic radiation that passes through the temporal lobe?
Meyer's Loop
46
What information do the superior retinal fibres of the optic radiation carry
inferior portions of the retina
47
What information do the inferior retinal fibres of the optic radiation carry?
Superior portions of the retina
48
Which lobe of the brain do the superior retinal fibres pass through?
temporal lobe
49
Which lobe of the brain do the inferior retinal fibres of the optic radiation pass through?
Parietal lobe
50
What is the effect of a lesion on the right optic nerve
Right anopia | Right monocular blindness
51
What is the effect of a lesion on the left optic nerve?
Left anopia | Left monocular blindness
52
What is the effect of a lesion at the optic chiasm?
Loss of temporal visual fields = Bitemporal hemianopia
53
What is the effect of a lesion on the right optic tract?
Loss of temporal field of left eye and nasal field of right eye = Right homonymous hemianopia
54
What is the effect of a lesion on left Meyer's Loop?
Carries information from inferior retina on superior visual field so causes of loss of vision in superior nasal field of left eye and superior temporal field of right eye
55
What is the effect of a lesion to left Baum's Loop?
Carries information from superior retina on inferior visual field resulting in loss of vision in inferior temporal field of right eye and inferior nasal field of left eye
56
What is the name given to internal rotation of the eye? (Towards the midline)
Intorsion
57
What is the name given to external rotation of the eye?(Away from the midline)
Extorsion
58
What are the 6 ocular eye muscles
``` Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior oblique Inferior Oblique ```
59
Which muscles of the eye are supplied by oculomotor nerve?
Superior rectus Medial Rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique
60
Which muscles of the eye are supplied by abducens nerve?
Lateral rectus
61
Which muscle of the eye is supplied by the trochlear nerve?
Superior Oblique
62
What does the somatic nervous system innervate?
Skeletal muscle
63
Do neurones of the somatic nervous system synapse before the skeletal muscle?
No
64
What is the only neurotransmitter involved in the somatic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
65
What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
Smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, neurones in the GIT
66
Where is the first synapse of an autonomic nerve
First nerve synapses outside the CNS in a cell cluster called autonomic ganglion
67
Whats the name of autonomic nerve between the CNS and the ganglia?
Preganglionic fibres
68
Whats the name of the autonomic nerve between the ganglion and the effector cells?
Postganglionic fibres
69
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
70
Where do the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?
Between T1 and L2
71
Where do the ganglia of the sympathetic neurones lie?
Close to the spinal cord = sympathetic chain
72
What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic sympathetic fibres?
Acetylcholine acts at nicotinic receptors
73
What neurotransmitter is is used at the effect cell synapse in sympathetic fibres?
Noradrenaline acts at adrenergic receptors
74
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
``` Increased HR Increased force of contraction Vasoconstriction bronchodilation Reduced gastric secretion Male ejaculation Reduced gastric motility Sphincter contraction ```
75
Where do parasympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?
Brainstem and sacral regions of spinal cord
76
Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic
3, 7, 9 and 10 (1973)
77
Where do the ganglia of parasympathetic nerves lie?
Close to the organs that the postganglionic fibres innervate
78
What is the neurotransmitter used by preganglionic parasympathetic fibres
Acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors
79
What is the neurotransmitter used by postganglionic parasympathetic fibres
Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
80
What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
``` Decreased heart rate Decreased force of contraction Vasodilation Bronchoconstrition Increased gastric motility Increased gastric secretion Male erection Sphincter relaxation ```
81
Define CNS
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
82
Define PNS
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and the spinal cord
83
How many vertebra are their
``` 33 in total 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccyx ```
84
How many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs of spinal nerves - Cervical = 8 nerves (One vertebra higher than the corresponding vertebra except C8 which is one below) - 12 thoracic nerves (one to two vertebra below corresponding vertebra) - 5 lumbar nerves (3-4 vertebra below) - 5 sacral (5 vertebra below) 1 coccyx nerve
85
Define dermatome
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve (Sensory)
86
Define Myotome
A volume of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve
87
What are the two divisions of the descending motor pathways
Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal
88
Describe the corticospinal pathway
Controls voluntary muscles - Starts in the Cortex and runs through the internal capsule and the crura cerebri - 85% decussate in the medulla through the anterior white commissure to the lateral side - 15% stay on the same side (Anterior)
89
Describe the extrapyramidal pathways
Originate in the brainstem an carry motor fibres to the spinal cord - responsible for the involuntary autonomic control of all musculature
90
What are the extrapyramidal pathways
Rubrospinal - Facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors - originate in red nucleus - Decussates in midbrain and is contralateral Tectospinal - Head turning in response to visual stimuli - Originates from tectum - superior colliculus - Decussates in midbrain Vestibulospinal - Muscle tone, balance and posture - originate from the vestibular uncles - Non decussating
91
What are the ascending sensory tracts
Dorsal/medial lemniscus pathway Spinothalamic pathway Spinocerebellar pathway
92
Dorsal medial lemniscus column consists of what and carries what sensations
Fasciculus cuneatus and gracilis Ascend to the medulla and then decussate to become the medial lemniscus which ascends to the thalamus and then somatosensory cortex Proprioception, vibration and fine touch
93
What does the fasciculus cuneatus carry
lateral and carries information from the upper body to the cuneate tubercle in the medulla
94
What does the fasciculus gracilis carry
medial and carries information from the lower body to the gracile tubercle in the medulla
95
Describe the spinothalamic tract
Lateral = pain and temperature Medial/Anterior = Crude touch Ascend on the same side then decussates before ascending to the thalamus
96
Describe the spinocerebellar tract
Posterior spinocerebellar = carries proprioception to the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle Anterior spinocerebellar = carries proprioception to the contralateral superior cerebellar peduncle
97
Describe brown sequard disease
- Hemi section of the spinal cord - Ipsilateral weakness below the lesions due to damage to the ipsilateral descending motor corticospinal tract which has already decussated at the medulla (loss of vibration and proprioceptive sensation) - Contralateral Loss of spinothalamic pain and temperature below the lesion as spinothalamic fibres decussate after entering the spinal cord
98
What is the basal ganglia
Group of nuclei lying deep within the cerebral hemisphere
99
What are the main components of the basal ganglia?
Striatum (Putamen and caudate) Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra
100
What are the main functions of the basal ganglia?
Purposeful behaviour and movement Inhibits unwanted movements Controls posture and movement Facilitation, integration and fine tuning of movements
101
What are the three coverings of the spinal cord from outermost to innermost
Dura Subarachnoid Pia
102
Where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical (Segments C3-T1) = upper limbs Lumbar L1-S3 = lower limbs
103
Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord after it ends at L1/2
Tapers into a cone (Conus medullaris) and ends in a strand of tissue called filum terminale
104
The fascicles cuneatus carries information about what limb
Upper
105
The fasciculus cuneatus carries information about what limb
Lower
106
What information does the lateral spinothalmic tract carry
Pain and temperature
107
What information does the medial spinothalamic tract carry
Crude touch
108
What is the somatic motor function of the facial nerve?
Muscles of facial expression
109
What is the visceral motor function of the facial nerve?
Lacrimal glands | Submandibular and sublingual glands
110
What are the two motor functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Elevate the pharynx by supplying stylopharyngeus Secretion of the parotid gland
111
What are the sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve
``` Sensation to external ear Posterior 1/3 of tongue - touch, pain, temp Pharynx - touch, patn, temp Eustachian tube - touch, pain, temp Carotid sinus, baro and chemoreception ```
112
What are the functions of the vagus nerve
``` Taste - posterior pharynx Swallowing- muscles of pharynx and larynx except stylopharngeus CV and GI regulation Hunger Fullness Decreased HR and BP ```
113
What does the accessory nerve supply?
Sternocleidomastoid | Trapezius
114
What does the hypoglossal nerve supply?
The intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
115
What is the sensory and taste innervation of the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
116
What is the sensory sensation of the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Lingual branch of the V3 from trigeminal
117
What is the taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve carried by lingual branch
118
What passes through the cavernous sinus
``` Oculomotor Trigeminal Ophthalmic trigeminal Maxillary trigeminal Carotid (internal) Abducens Trochlear ```
119
Damage to Broca's area results in what sort of aphasia
Expressive aphasia where they understand what is being said and know what they want to say but can't express it in meaningful words
120
Damage to Wernicke's area results in what sort of aphasia
Comprehension aphasia where they have difficulty understanding written or spoken language but hearing and vision not impaired Have fluent speech but may scramble words
121
What is the most common artery for a berry aneurysm to occur?
Anterior cerebral artery
122
What are the functions of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Sensation to the anterior of head and face (Superior 1/3) including scalp, forehead, cornea and tip of nose
123
What are the functions of the maxillary division of the trigmeninal nerve
Sensation to middle 1/3 of face including cheek, nose, upper lip, upper teeth and palate
124
What are the functions of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
Senesation to inferior 1/3 of face including lower Lip, lower teeth, chin, jaw and anterior 2/3 of tongue Motor to muscles of mastication and tensor tympani muscle
125
What are the functions of the facial nerve?
``` Motor to facial movement Salivation (Submandibular and sublingual) lacrimation Sensation from external ear Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue ```
126
What is the criteria for brainstem death
``` Pupils Corneal reflex Caloric vestibular reflex Cough reflex Gag reflex Respirations Response to pain ```
127
Describe the branches of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk divides into the right common carotid and the right subclavian Left common carotid Left subclavian artery
128
Where does the right and left common carotid arise from
Right = brachiocephalic trunk Left = Directly from aortic arch
129
Do the carotid arteries branch
No
130
Where do the carotid arteries bifurcate into internal and external
C4
131
What are the 4 segments of the internal carotid artery
Cervical Petrous Cavernous Supraclinoid
132
Where does the cervical section of the ICA lie
Anterior and medial to the internal jugular vein and posterior and lateral to the external carotid artery
133
Does the cervical section of the ICA branch
NO
134
The petrous portion of the ICA penetrates what bones and runs in which canal
Temporal bone and runs horizontal in the carotid canal
135
What is the small branch of the ICA that connect to the middle/inner ear called
Carticotympanic artery
136
What is the name of the potential connection between the petrous ICA and the ECA
Vidian Artery
137
The cavernous portion of the ICA enters the skull where
Foramen lacerum into the carotid canal and then into the cavernous sinus
138
Small branches of the cavernous ICA supply what?
Dura CN3-6 Posterior pituitary (Meningio-hypophyseal artery Inferolateral trunk
139
What are the name of the potential connections between the cavernous ICA and the ECA
Inferolateral trunk
140
What are the 4 branches of the supraclinoid ICA
Ophthalmic artery Superior hypophyseal artery Posterior communicating artery Anterior Choroidal artery
141
What does the superior hypophyseal artery supply
Pituitary gland Stalk Hypothalamus Optic chiasm
142
What does the posterior communicating artery supply
Runs backwards above CN3 to connect the anterior (cerebral vascular supply of head and posterior (Brainstem) supply
143
What does the anterior choroid artery supply
``` Choroid plexus Optic tract Cerebral peduncles Internal capsule Medial temporal lobe ```
144
Which is the lager of the terminal ICA branches
Middle cerebral artery
145
What are the segments of the middle cerebral artery
M1 - lateral lenticulostriate arteries (Supplies basal ganglia and internal capsule) M2 - runs near insular cistern M3 - Emerge onto brain surface M4 - vessels on brain surface
146
What are the branches of the anterior cerebral arteries
A1 - runs medially to connect with contralateral ACA via anterior communicating artery to supply the head of caudate nucleus and internal capsule A2 - runs in the inter hemispheric tissues to genu of corpus callosum A3 - Cortical branches from callosomarginal and pericallosal arteries
147
Vertebral arteries arise from where
Subclavian arteries
148
Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull
Foramen magnum
149
The extra cranial vertebral branches supply what
Neck muscles Spinal meninges Spinal cord
150
What are the inter cranial vertebral artery branches
Anterior spinal artery Small medullary perforators Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
151
The vertebral arteries combine to form what
Basilar artery
152
What are the branches of the basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries Superior cerebellar arteries Posterior cerebellar arteries
153
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply
Thalamus Geniculate bodies Cerebral peduncles Tectum
154
Define dermatome
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
155
Define myotome
A volume of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve
156
The dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway carries what sensory information
Proprioception, vibration and fine touch
157
The lateral spinothalamic tract carries information about what
Pain and temperature
158
the anterior spinothalamic tract carries information about what
Crude touch
159
What areas of the brain does the ACA supply
Motor cortex and top of the brain
160
What areas of the brain does the MCA supply
Outer surface of the brain
161
What areas of the brain does the PCA supply
Peripheral vision
162
What are the branches of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk divides into right common carotid and right subclavian Left common carotid Left subclavian
163
Wheree does the optic tract synapse
At the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
164
Fibres carrying information from the lower portions of the retina (Superior visual fields) travel through which lobe
Temporal lobe to the visual cortex = Meyer's Loop
165
Fibres carrying information from the superior portions of the retina (Inferior visual fields) travel through which lobe
Loop superiorly through the parietal lobe to the visual cortex = Baum's Loop
166
Inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body are important structures in which sense
Auditory
167
Superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate body are impotent structures in which sense
Visual
168
Damage to the left optic nerve causes what
Left anopia - left blindness
169
Damage to the optic chiasm leads to what
Causes loss of the temporal visual fields = hemianopia
170
Damage to the right optic tract causes what
Loss of temporal field of the left eye and the nasal field of the right eye = hemianopia
171
Damage to the left Meyer's loop causes what
Damage to Meyers loop carrying information from the inferior retina and thus the superior visual field resulting in loss of vision in the superior nasal field of the left eye and the superior temporal field of the right eye

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