Neuro Quiz 1 Pharmacology Pharmakinetics Flashcards
Review materials for Neuro quiz 1Nayanda's Lectures
Graded-dose response
A graph showing the dosage of drug and its response.
Efficacy
The maximal pharmacological effect a drug can produce
Emax
Potency
The amount of drug needed to produce a given affect used to differentiate a group of drugs
Less amount need to reach its effect or saturation the more potent
Partial agonist
Competes for the binding site. partially as effective as agonist no matter its concentration
Inverse agonist
produce an opposite effect of the agonist
Physical antagonist
binds to the drug preventing it from being absorbed
Chemical antagonist
combines with the substance chemically
Physiological antagonist
Produces an opposing affect, however the ligand binds at a different receptor
Competitive antagonist
The antagonistic ligand competes for the agonist binding site.
This can be overcome by increasing the concentration
Can be seen with a shift to the right on a curve (requires greater concentration)
Noncompetitive antagonist
Blocks the agonist’s binding site, this will cause a decrease in efficacy of the drug.
Even at greater concentration, the efficacy will still be low
E50
50% effectiveness of the drug
Synergistic
When the action of one drug facilitates or enhances the other
Csn be in different directions
Additive
The effect of two drugs in the same direction and adds up
Calculation of concentration of the drug attained at the site of action
BW(kg)/70 x average adult dose
Drugs with low therapeutic window
require blood work because it is very easy to reach a lethal dose
ex. warfarin
Penicillin has a high therapeutic window
LD 50
median lethal dose
Which of the following terms appropriately matches with the maximal response obtained by a drug treatment?
Efficacy
Which of the following terms represent the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose?
therapeutic index
Definition of a drug
a chemical substance that interacts with a receptor to produce a physiological effect REGARDLESS IF THE EFFECT IS BENEFICIAL
Complex formation
The solubility of some low soluble drug molecules can be increased by formation a complex with another drug molecule
Pharmalogical effect of the drug
The drug’s effect on blood flow and transition time of drug in the GI tract
Bioequivalence
two drugs show similar biovalibility and time to peak blood concentration
therapeutic equivalence
two drugs show similar efficacy and safety
Volume of distribution (V)
How the drug is distributed in the body
V= dose administered / plasma concentration
The most important protein that binds to drugs and mainly acidic drugs
albumin
loading dose (DL)
Initial dose
intends to reach Css before secondary dose is given
DL=Css x Vd
Vd= drug distribution
Css= intended plasma concentration
steady state
rate of administration = rate of elimination
rate of administration= clearance x plasma concentration
Metabolism of a drug
also known as biotransformation
Changing, decreasing toxicity amd accelerating the excretion of the drug.
phase I (non-synthetic) metabolism
Metabolism of the drug by adding or removing a functional group
phase II (synthetic)
a conjugate is attached to the drug making it WATER soluble
Oxidation reactions
Mainly occurs in the liver
Low substrate specificity
Shows high affinity to lipophilic molecules
NADPH and molecular oxygen is required
FAD is required additional to NADPH for which reactions?
Reduction and Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis reactions
A group from the drug molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules
Clearance (CL)
Rate of elimination of a drug divided by its plasma concentration.
