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Drugs & Behavior > neuro quiz 1 (lectures 2-5) > Flashcards

neuro quiz 1 (lectures 2-5) Flashcards

1
Q

scientific research

A

investigate or examination

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2
Q

quantitative study

A

data is collected through measurement

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3
Q

qualitative study

A

data is analyzed through the use of formed judgement

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4
Q

experimental design

A

involves experimental and control groups

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5
Q

nonexperimental design

A

involves observation and description

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6
Q

scientific method

A

question -> research -> hypothesis -> study design -> data collection -> analyze results -> relate to hypothesis -> report results

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7
Q

directional hypothesis

A

predict that two factors are different from one another (average weight of males is higher than average weight of females)

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8
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

do not have two factors different (males and females have different average body weights)

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9
Q

null hypothesis

A

we are wrong; no significant difference between the variables

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10
Q

variables

A

independent (manipulation/predictor) dependent (outcome/criterion)
categorical (alive vs dead, present vs absent)
quantitative (numbers)

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11
Q

unbiased selection

A

simple random sample : all individuals are randomly selected
bias: sample of convenience (volunteers, picking who you want)

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12
Q

sample size

A

larger sample size = more accurate results

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13
Q

effect size

A

size of the effect of the independent variable in the population

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14
Q

power analysis

A

used to calculate minimum sample size needed

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15
Q

ability to reject null hypothesis

A

Alpha (a) : usually set to 0.05. This is the probability of a type I error

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16
Q

Type 1 error

A

saying there is a significant effect when there isnt one

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17
Q

type 2 error

A

saying there is not an effect when there really is one

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18
Q

between subjects

A

comparing a placebo and control medicated group

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19
Q

within subjects

A

one group gets both placebo and medication (stronger than between)

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20
Q

objective measurement > subjective

A

thermometer is more accurate than putting a hand to a forehead

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21
Q

experimental rigor

A

if human raters are used, they must be blind to experimental conditions

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22
Q

2 sample/ independent samples t-test

A

can tell you if two groups are significantly different from one another (increases risk of type 1 error)

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23
Q

2 group t-test

A

two peaks not touching = null hypothesis is not true
two peaks overlapping = null hypothesis is true

24
Q

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

A

can test multiple groups at once to determine treatment effects
F = variance between/within groups

25
Q

repeated measures ANOVA (multiple measurements within subject)

A

Group 1 : pretest -> treatment A + Test -> treatment B + posttest
Group 2: pretest -> treatment B + test -> Treatment A + posttest

26
Q

light microscopy

A

uses visible light to view neurons and their processes. They stain the neurons to see them

27
Q

immunofluorescent microscopy

A

antigen - antibody - fluorophore complex

28
Q

NISSL Stain

A

stains the cell body, specifically the endoplasmic reticulum
good for seeing intracellular structures

29
Q

Golgi Stain

A

dendrites, SOMA, axons stained dark black

30
Q

Fiber Stain

A

stains myelin fibers blue
nerve cells are purple
unmyelinated are pink

31
Q

electron microscopy

A

magnifies the cell

32
Q

ERP/EEG

A

ERP measured using EEG. measured brain response during a thought or perception

33
Q

MRI

A

uses strong magnetic field to change the orientation of the spin of protons and a radio frequency signal. Can see gray, white matter, and CSF.
T1: fluid is black
T2: fluid is white

34
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (MRI)

A

to look at axons traveling
red: fibers traveling from left to right (ear to ear)
blue: fibers traveling from crown to chin
Green: fibers traveling from nose to back of head

35
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

shows changes in blood oxygenation in brain regions in response to specific stimuli
(blood flow increases for active neurons)

36
Q

PET Scan

A

Gamma rays shot out from head in opposite directions. Positrons detected by the scanner.
Not a very high resolution scan, often combined with MRI

37
Q

Things to measure with PET

A

dopamine loss in parkinsons
accumulation in alzheimers disease
opioid receptors in addiction

38
Q

HM

A

medial temporal lobes (hippocampus) removed from brain. Had temporally graded retrograde amnesia

39
Q

Phineas Gage

A

severe damage to the ventral frontal cortex. Had extreme changes in behavior

40
Q

stereotactic surgery

A

minimally invasive surgery. precisely locate small regions within the brain

41
Q

sham surgery vs excitotoxic lesions

A

minimally invasive vs lesion surgery

42
Q

radial arm maze

A

used for spatial learning, reference memory, and working memory
4 randomly chosen arms are baited
meaure the amount of time it takes for subject to find the rewards, the number of arms they enter, and how long they wait in the center

43
Q

novel object recognition

A

recognition memory
animal gets used to two objects, one of them gets replaced with a new one.
Researchers will measure the amount of time that the animal spends with the new object vs the old

44
Q

operant conditioning chamber

A

classical and operant conditioning.
means of measuring behavior and reduces experimental error

45
Q

Pavlovian fear conditioning

A

fear conditioning to a stimulus

46
Q

intravenous drug self administration

A

get animal addicted they push a lever to self administer

47
Q

psychopharmacology

A

drugs that can enter the brain and interfere with the function of one protein, so we can see the consequences for behavior.

48
Q

DREADDS

A

designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs
- no endogenous ligand for the receptor

49
Q

electrophysiology : IN-VIVO RECORDINGS

A

measure neural activity via electrodes that are implanted into the extracellular space.
acute vs chronic recordings
-shows rate and temporal properties of firing of action potentials by neurons.
look at changes in the timing and rate of neural firing during given stimulus

50
Q

electrophysiology: EX VIVO RECORDINGS - post mortem

A

Slice: commonly measured in the hippocampus
allows for measurement of network function and single neuron firing properties

51
Q

fast scan cyclic voltammetry - in vivo

A

electrically stimulate cell bodies in one brain region and record neurotransmitter release in another
-causes maximum amount of dopamine in the synapse
maximum rate of dopamine uptake at the transporter

52
Q

Fiber photometry and Grab DA

A

-monitor genetically encoded fluorescent signals using implanted fiber optic cannula
DA: sensors detect endogenous DA dynamics (ex and in vivo)

53
Q

microdialysis

A

semipermeable cannula in the brain
place probe into canula with flowing cerebrospinal fluid
collect dialysate and analyze via hplc

54
Q

laser doppler flowmetry

A

measuring relative changes in blood flow over time

55
Q

miniscope

A

measuring activity-dependent changes in blood flow

56
Q

ELISA

A

use antibodies to identify the presence of a substrate.
direct and indirect methods to count the amount of substrate

57
Q

Western Blot

A

utilizes immunodetection to identify a protein
gives info on the size and purity of the protein

Drugs & Behavior (2 decks)

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