neuro quiz 1 (lectures 2-5) Flashcards
scientific research
investigate or examination
quantitative study
data is collected through measurement
qualitative study
data is analyzed through the use of formed judgement
experimental design
involves experimental and control groups
nonexperimental design
involves observation and description
scientific method
question -> research -> hypothesis -> study design -> data collection -> analyze results -> relate to hypothesis -> report results
directional hypothesis
predict that two factors are different from one another (average weight of males is higher than average weight of females)
non directional hypothesis
do not have two factors different (males and females have different average body weights)
null hypothesis
we are wrong; no significant difference between the variables
variables
independent (manipulation/predictor) dependent (outcome/criterion)
categorical (alive vs dead, present vs absent)
quantitative (numbers)
unbiased selection
simple random sample : all individuals are randomly selected
bias: sample of convenience (volunteers, picking who you want)
sample size
larger sample size = more accurate results
effect size
size of the effect of the independent variable in the population
power analysis
used to calculate minimum sample size needed
ability to reject null hypothesis
Alpha (a) : usually set to 0.05. This is the probability of a type I error
Type 1 error
saying there is a significant effect when there isnt one
type 2 error
saying there is not an effect when there really is one
between subjects
comparing a placebo and control medicated group
within subjects
one group gets both placebo and medication (stronger than between)
objective measurement > subjective
thermometer is more accurate than putting a hand to a forehead
experimental rigor
if human raters are used, they must be blind to experimental conditions
2 sample/ independent samples t-test
can tell you if two groups are significantly different from one another (increases risk of type 1 error)
2 group t-test
two peaks not touching = null hypothesis is not true
two peaks overlapping = null hypothesis is true
ANOVA (analysis of variance)
can test multiple groups at once to determine treatment effects
F = variance between/within groups
repeated measures ANOVA (multiple measurements within subject)
Group 1 : pretest -> treatment A + Test -> treatment B + posttest
Group 2: pretest -> treatment B + test -> Treatment A + posttest
light microscopy
uses visible light to view neurons and their processes. They stain the neurons to see them
immunofluorescent microscopy
antigen - antibody - fluorophore complex
NISSL Stain
stains the cell body, specifically the endoplasmic reticulum
good for seeing intracellular structures
Golgi Stain
dendrites, SOMA, axons stained dark black
Fiber Stain
stains myelin fibers blue
nerve cells are purple
unmyelinated are pink
electron microscopy
magnifies the cell
ERP/EEG
ERP measured using EEG. measured brain response during a thought or perception
MRI
uses strong magnetic field to change the orientation of the spin of protons and a radio frequency signal. Can see gray, white matter, and CSF.
T1: fluid is black
T2: fluid is white
diffusion tensor imaging (MRI)
to look at axons traveling
red: fibers traveling from left to right (ear to ear)
blue: fibers traveling from crown to chin
Green: fibers traveling from nose to back of head
functional MRI (fMRI)
shows changes in blood oxygenation in brain regions in response to specific stimuli
(blood flow increases for active neurons)
PET Scan
Gamma rays shot out from head in opposite directions. Positrons detected by the scanner.
Not a very high resolution scan, often combined with MRI
Things to measure with PET
dopamine loss in parkinsons
accumulation in alzheimers disease
opioid receptors in addiction
HM
medial temporal lobes (hippocampus) removed from brain. Had temporally graded retrograde amnesia
Phineas Gage
severe damage to the ventral frontal cortex. Had extreme changes in behavior
stereotactic surgery
minimally invasive surgery. precisely locate small regions within the brain
sham surgery vs excitotoxic lesions
minimally invasive vs lesion surgery
radial arm maze
used for spatial learning, reference memory, and working memory
4 randomly chosen arms are baited
meaure the amount of time it takes for subject to find the rewards, the number of arms they enter, and how long they wait in the center
novel object recognition
recognition memory
animal gets used to two objects, one of them gets replaced with a new one.
Researchers will measure the amount of time that the animal spends with the new object vs the old
operant conditioning chamber
classical and operant conditioning.
means of measuring behavior and reduces experimental error
Pavlovian fear conditioning
fear conditioning to a stimulus
intravenous drug self administration
get animal addicted they push a lever to self administer
psychopharmacology
drugs that can enter the brain and interfere with the function of one protein, so we can see the consequences for behavior.
DREADDS
designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs
- no endogenous ligand for the receptor
electrophysiology : IN-VIVO RECORDINGS
measure neural activity via electrodes that are implanted into the extracellular space.
acute vs chronic recordings
-shows rate and temporal properties of firing of action potentials by neurons.
look at changes in the timing and rate of neural firing during given stimulus
electrophysiology: EX VIVO RECORDINGS - post mortem
Slice: commonly measured in the hippocampus
allows for measurement of network function and single neuron firing properties
fast scan cyclic voltammetry - in vivo
electrically stimulate cell bodies in one brain region and record neurotransmitter release in another
-causes maximum amount of dopamine in the synapse
maximum rate of dopamine uptake at the transporter
Fiber photometry and Grab DA
-monitor genetically encoded fluorescent signals using implanted fiber optic cannula
DA: sensors detect endogenous DA dynamics (ex and in vivo)
microdialysis
semipermeable cannula in the brain
place probe into canula with flowing cerebrospinal fluid
collect dialysate and analyze via hplc
laser doppler flowmetry
measuring relative changes in blood flow over time
miniscope
measuring activity-dependent changes in blood flow
ELISA
use antibodies to identify the presence of a substrate.
direct and indirect methods to count the amount of substrate
Western Blot
utilizes immunodetection to identify a protein
gives info on the size and purity of the protein
