neuro physiology theme 1

Question 1

Types of sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 1

paravertebral-sympathetic chain
prevertebral- near the aorta
terminal ganglia- within the effector organ

Question 2

What does sympathetic preganglionic release? and what receptor does it bind to?

Answer 2

ACh, and it binds to nitotinic receptors

Question 3

Sympatheti postagnlionic release what? and binds to what?

Answer 3

NE… binds to alpha 1,2 and beta 1,2 on smooth muscle & glands
ACh… binds to muscarinic receptors on sweat glands

Question 4

What do pre and postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release? and what do they bind to?

Answer 4

Pre- release ACh, binds to Nicotinic receptor

Post- release ACh, binds to Muscarinic receptors on smooth muscles and glands

Question 5

What is special about the nerves of Adrenal medulla?

Answer 5

Only have preganglionic sympathetic nerve that synapse at the adrenal medulla. the nerve releases ACh that binds to N. AM then secrets (into blood) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 6

Function of Varicosities?

Answer 6

In postganglionic neuron swelling containing NT. It it the synaptic contact between an ANS post gang neuron and its target cell. It functions as a end plate to release the NT

Question 7

Name the functions of the SNS?

Answer 7

Fight or flight response:
Pupil dilation
dec lacrimation/salivation
bronchodilation 
inc HR
dec GI motility and secretions
holding urine
orgasm 
glucose production/ release 
seating and piloerection 
Peripheral blood vessel constriction

Question 8

Function of PSNS

Answer 8

Rest/digest response:
pupil constriction 
inc lacrimation/salivation
bronchoconstriction 
dec HR
inc GI motility and secretions
Urinating 
sexual arousal

Question 9

Nucleus tractus solitarius(NTS) function

Answer 9

coordinates ANS functions and relexes, relays info to hypothalamus

Question 10

Name the four preganglionic nuclei, their CN #, and function

Answer 10

Ediger-Westphal Nucleus, CN 3, control of pupil & iris
Sup & inf salivatory nuclei, CN 9, salivation reflexes
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, CN 10, Contro of lungs and GI organs
Nucleus ambiguus, CN 9 &10, Coordinate swallowing reflexes & control HR

Question 11

order of brainstem control of ANS

Answer 11

NTS, Reticular formation preganglionic nuclei

Question 12

Functions of hypothalamus?

Answer 12

Homoestatic range modulation
drive-driven behavior (thirst, sex, hurnger)
modulates the nervous and endocrine systems

Question 13

How does the hypothalamus monitor homeostatic function?

Answer 13

Sense by the neural signals , directly sensing by circumventricular organs(CVO)-> transmission to hypothalamus—–> effects change by nerual signals or secretory CVOs that secret hormones

Question 14

What does the limbic system do? what are the 3 key structures

Answer 14

fight or flight response

hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nuclei

Question 15

What is the third division of the ANS? where is it located and what is it made up of?

Answer 15

Enteric nervous system
plexuses of neurons surrounding the GI tract
pathway:
afferent(viserosensory), interneurons, and efferent(visceromotor) neurons
2 plexuses: myenteric and submucosal

Question 16

Name the 3 ANS control centers in the Brain Steam and what do they do?

Answer 16

Respiratory center- controls respiration rate, by chemoreceptors of CO2 levels
Cardiovascular center- controls BP by baroreceptors & chemorecptors regulating vascular tone
Micturition center- urinary bladder distension. by mechanoreceptors controling the urethra sphincter and bladder

Question 17

Type of nicotinic receptors? and where are they located?

Answer 17

2 types They are Cholinergic receptors
N1 - on skeleton muscle
N2- on ganglion that then sends off postganglionic neurons

Question 18

Types of Muscarinic receptors? were are they located?

Answer 18

they are cholinergic receptors
3 types
M1-M3 on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
M3 also on sweat glands

Question 19

What is an adrenergic receptor? what is it stim by

Answer 19

Alpha 1,2, and beta 1,2

stim by ACh

Question 20

What type of receptors does ACh stim? what receptors does NE stim?

Answer 20

ACh stim M & N (cholinergic)

NE stim Alpha and Beta (adrenergic)

Question 21

What are the 3 big reasons why there is drug side effects due to cholinergenic and adrenegic receptors?

Answer 21

drugs specific to one receptor will bind to of those receptors in body
No drug is entirely specific to one receptor subtype
tissue have multiple types of receptors not just one type (there is a predominate one)

Question 22

what does a indirect-acting cholinergic drug do?

Answer 22

inhibit ACh esterase -> so more ACh stays in the synaptic cleft
this drug is non-specific to N or M though

Question 23

what does a direct-acting cholinergic drug do?

Answer 23

minics ACh or inc the prd of Ach to stim N & M receptors