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NEURO > Neuro module 1 > Flashcards

Neuro module 1 Flashcards

2
Q

Congenital malformation wherein there is a failure in closure of vertebral arches , the Spinal cord &/or nerve roots included

A

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele

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3
Q

Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired?
A. Neuroepithelium - neuroblast - neuron
B. Neural tube - mesenchymal cells - microglial cell
C. Ectoderm - neural tube - neuroepithelium - oligodendrocyte
D. Neuroectoderm - glial blast - astrocyte

A

B - Mesenchymal cells are DIRECTLY from MESENCHYME

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4
Q

During the third week of embryonic growth the brain begins to develop in the early fetus in a process called _____________

A

Induction

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5
Q

Connection between the 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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6
Q

A part of a neuron that has special sensory receptors.

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Calvaria and brain are small but the face is normal size, thus the brain is underdeveloped

A

Microencephaly

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8
Q

Arachnoid & pia mater is collectively known as

A

Leptomeninges

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9
Q

Which part of the neuron is Longer in length, absent Nissl Bodies, absent Spine/ Gemmules

A

AXON

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10
Q

During 4th week of development, these flexures persist.

A

Brain flexures (midbrain flexure and cervical flexure)

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11
Q

Common symptoms of this disease is Hypoplastic, flaccid bilateral LE. Urinary incontinence due to areflexia.

A

Lumbar menigomyelocele

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12
Q

Broca area is located at Brodmann area

A

44, 45

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13
Q

True or false. neural crest soon divides into three cell masses

A

False. Two

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14
Q

Membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord that is impermeable to fluid

A

Pia mater

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15
Q

Posterior lobe of the cerebellum is connected to the ______

A

Cerebral cortex

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16
Q

A part of neuron that has specialized motor receptors

A

Axon

MOTOR-ACTION-AXON

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17
Q

It surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Dura mater

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18
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the midbrain

A

III , IV

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19
Q

The cytoplasm of the cell body contains large aggregations of ___________

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Nissl substances

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20
Q

Unipolar neurons in the spinal ganglia are derived from ________________

A

Neural crest cells

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21
Q

What part of the brainstem can you see the olives

A

Medulla

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22
Q

All sensory neurons and association neurons are Multipolar. TRUE OR FALSE? if false, what makes the statement wrong?

A

FALSE. Motor and association neurons are Multipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are pseudoUnipolar and Bipolar.

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23
Q

Separates right and left hemisphere

A

Longitudinal fissure

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24
Q

Separates temporal and parietal lobe

A

Lateral fissure of Sylvius

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25
Q

Clusters of basophilic Rough ER, found in abundance in the neuron soma.

A

Nissl bodies

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26
Q

What lobe of the cerebellum is for the coordination of limb movements

A

Anterior

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27
Q

What part of the brain Forms the caudal floor of the 4th ventricle

A

Medulla

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28
Q

Anomalies associated with acrania

A

Meroanencephaly

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29
Q

Anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum is divided by

A

Primary fissure

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30
Q

There are three types of neurons. Please draw.

A

Multipolar- Has numerous dendrites projecting from the cell body
Bipolar – only a single dendrite which arises from the pole of the cell body opposite to the origin of the axon
Pseudounipolar – a single dendrite and axon arise from a common stem of the cell body unipolar,

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31
Q

Anomaly concerning meninges, part of the brain and ventricular system

A

Meningohydroencephalocele

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32
Q

Also called the neocerebellum

A

Posterior lobe

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33
Q

Cranial nerve IX has ____ function
A. Motor
B. sensory
C. Motor and sensory

A 
C. Remember the mnemonic Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Makes Money 
Legend 
M - motor
S- sensory
B - both
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34
Q

Failure of the cephalic part of the neural tube to close during the 4th week of development

A

Exencephaly

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35
Q

Immune mediated destruction of myelin confined to the CNS leading to slowing of conduction and neurological dysfunction

A

Multiple sclerosis

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36
Q

What lobe of the cerebellum is associated with balance

A

Flocculonodular

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37
Q

Where can Centers associated with auditory, visual and pupillary reflexes be found

A

Midbrain

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38
Q

Which of the following are not paired correctly:
A. Frontal: logic:: parietal: pain
B. Vagus: sensory:: Abducens: mixed
C. Midbrain: aqueduct :: Thalamus: third ventricle

A

B - vagus: mixed while abducens: motor

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39
Q

This part of the neuron has No Golgi apparatus, and Nissl Bodies

A

axon

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40
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted by the substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

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41
Q

It lines cavities within brain ( ventricles ) and spinal cord (central canal.

A

Ependymal cells* cuboidal or columnar in shape

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42
Q

Cytoplasmic process of a neuron except
A. Perikaryon
B. Axon
C. Dendrites

A

A

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43
Q

What do you call the swellings or the smaller branches of axon?

A

Terminal Bouton

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44
Q

Pons cranial nerves

A

Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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45
Q

Brodmann area for primary motor

A

4

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46
Q

When does formation of neural plate takes place

A

3rd week of gestation

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47
Q

NTD’s can be predetermined through Amniocentesis which will confirmed an elevated maternal serum called ________

A

AFP (alpha fetoprotein)

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48
Q

Brain stem is composed of

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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49
Q

All sensory neurons are Pseudounipolar Except sensory neurons of special senses classified as Bipolar. True or false, if false what makes the statement wrong?

A

TRUE

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50
Q

Reduces the incidence of NTD by as much as 70% if ________ is taken daily 3 months prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation

A

Folic acid/folate, 400 mg

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51
Q

Neuron that is responsible for the myelination of the CNS

A

Oligodendrites

PNS- Schwann cells

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52
Q

What portion of the brain forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the Third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

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53
Q

Congenital malformation that results in Non fusion of the embryonic halves of the vertebral arches

A

Spina Bifida

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54
Q

Right and left hemisphere is divided by

A

Longitudinal fissure

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55
Q
  1. A disorder wherein there is immune mediated destruction of myelin confined to the CNS leading to slowing of conduction and neurological dysfunction.
  2. in the PNS?
A
  1. Multiple sclerosis

2. Guillain Barre Syndrome

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56
Q

True or false. The difference in structure of the superior and inferior follicular is the presence of substantia nigra

A

False. The presence of red nucleus in the superior and its absence in the inferior colliculi

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57
Q

Projection that connects broca’s area and wernicke’s area?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

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58
Q

Medulla cranial nerves

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

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59
Q

Property of a neuron that enables it to transmit information for one cell to another

A

Conductivity

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60
Q

This pathway results in hyperkinesis of the thalamus (if altered with over production excitatory neurotransmitter)

A

Direct pathway

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61
Q

Primary gustatory area can be seen in what lobe

A

Parietal lobe

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62
Q

Separates parietal and occipital lobe

A

Transverse sulcus

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63
Q

dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron

A

Chromatolysis

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64
Q

Brodmann area for primary sensory

A

3,1,2

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65
Q

These are Highly specialized intercellular junctions which allow communication by linking neurones of each nervous pathway

A

Synapse

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66
Q

Immune mediated destruction of myelin inthe PNS; illness is often trigerred by an infection

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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67
Q

What cerebellar lobe is associated with regulation of muscle tone

A

Anterior

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68
Q

True or false. Embryonic endoderm over developing notochord thickens to form neural plate

A

False. Ectoderm

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69
Q

Which part of the brain Influences the timing and force of contractions of voluntary muscle

A

Cerebellum

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70
Q

Indicate the boundary between motor (medial), sensory (lateral)

A

Striae medullaris

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71
Q

Spinal cord in affected area is open because the neural folds failed to fuse

A

Spina bifida with myeloschisis

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72
Q

Brodmann area for wernicke’s area

A

22

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73
Q

What neurotransmitter is destroyed during Alzheimer’s disease? what destroys it?

A

Alzheimer’s disease an early pathological feature is loss of synapses from the Hippocampus and Cerebrum;
the synapses mediating neurotransmission are affected; acetylcholine is rapidly destroyed once secreted by cholinesterases

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74
Q

Posterior and flocculonodular lobe of the Cerebellum is divided by the

A

Posterolateral fissure

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75
Q

Neural tube : CNS = _____: PNS

A

Neural crest

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76
Q

Extends from the the frontal to occipital bones, above the anterior and middle cranial fossa. Posteriorly above the tentorium cerebelli.

A

Cerebrum

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77
Q

Parietal and occipital lobe is separated by the

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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78
Q

What type of cell in the nervous system can transform into large amoeboid phagocytic cell cells.

A

Microglia.For Protectionirregular shape , rod like comma shaped nucleus *from mesenchyme

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79
Q

Anomaly in L5 or S1, presence of small dimple with a tuft of hair

A

Spina Bifida Occulta

80
Q

True or False. There are no microtubules in mature astrocytes.

81
Q

Damage to what area will result to motor aphasia

82
Q

What layer of the neural tube is the sensory horn located

A 
Alar plate 
Mantle layer–Gray matter  
Alar plate –sensory  horn 
Basal plate –motor horn•
Marginal layer–White matter
83
Q

Upper medulla is also called the

A

Open medulla

84
Q

True or false. Thalamus receives precortical sensory input from all sensory systems

A

False. Not olfactory

85
Q

Structural anomalies caused by abnormal __________________

A

Organogenesis

86
Q

It is the precursor of myelin sheath in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

87
Q

All neurons originate from the ectoderm except

88
Q

It functions as a lymphatic system for the brain

89
Q

Shortest part of the brainstem

90
Q 
Hypothalamus has a role in the ff system except 
A. Limbic
B. Skeletal 
C. Endocrine
D. Autonomic
91
Q

Malformed brain is exposed, later this tissue degenerates.

A

Anencephaly

92
Q

Property of a neuron enables if to be stimulated

A

Irritability

93
Q

What cell in the nervous system, Mediates metabolic exchange between neurones and blood.

A

Astrocytes. most important.
Supporting cell in NS
Mediate metabolic exchange between neurones and blood*
Regulate the composition of the intercellular environment

94
Q

Forms the floor of the rostral part of the 4th ventricle

95
Q

A region where 2 Schwann cells meet. It is where axons do not have myelin sheath, thus saltation occurs.

A

Node of Ranvier

96
Q

Part of the Neuron that is responsible for the genetic and metabolic process

A

Perikaryon

97
Q

What part of the brain is associated with the Centers associated with deglutition, coughing, vomiting, salivation, tongue movements, respiration and circulation

98
Q

Shape of the neuron

99
Q

The brain comprises ___% if the body weight

100
Q

Large pyramidal cell neurons located within the fifth layer of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex, M1.

A

Betz cell or Pyramidal cell of Betz

101
Q

How many nucleus are in a neuron

102
Q

Embryo is called _____ during neuralation

103
Q

Part of a neuron that Receives stimulus

A

Dendrites - sensory part

104
Q

What meningeal mater and layer contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Arachnoid Mater- Subarachnoid Space

105
Q 
Nissl granules is present in
A. Dendrite	
B. axon	
C. Perikaryon	
D. 2 of the above
A

D (perikaryon and dendrite)

106
Q

Neural tube birth defects can be detected by what pre natal screen test

A

Elevated Alpha fetoprotein ( normal value 0.5- 2.5 MoM)

Good to know; Down syndrome have low levels of AFP

107
Q

Nissl granule is an example of what organelle

108
Q

What are the 3 covering of the nerves?

A

Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium

109
Q

Separates frontal and parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus of rolando

110
Q

True or false. All sensory neurons are bipolar

A

False. Special senses neurons are bipolar. Others are pseudounipolar

111
Q

Where Centers associated with mastication, eye movements, facial expression, blinking, salivation, equilibrium and audition can be found

112
Q

It induced the development of the overlying ectoderm into the neural tube, causes central longitudinal axis of the body to be established and eventually will give rise to notochord.

A

Chordamesoderm

113
Q

Highly specialized intercellular junctions which allow communicationby linking neurones of each nervous pathway

114
Q

Largest neuron on the CNS

115
Q

Motor neurone and the muscle fibers which it supplies together constitute a ___

A

Motor unit

116
Q

When does secondary vesicles of the brain develops

117
Q

Fusion of the neural folds in the cranial region and closure of the ____________________ form three primary brain vesicles

A

Rostral neuropore

118
Q

Cells that lines cavities within brain

A

Ependymal cell

119
Q

What do you call the change wherein Axon and its Myelin sheath degenerates completely?

A

Wallerian degeneration

120
Q

termination of spinal cord on adult

121
Q

Contains functional centersfor the integrationof all information passing from the brainstem and spinal cord to the cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

122
Q

Nerve cells with common form, function and connections that are grouped together outside the CNS

123
Q

Forms the caudal floor of the 4th ventricle

A

Medulla oblongata

124
Q

What is the outer layer of cerebrum?What is the inner layer of cerebrum?

A

CORTEX-“CORNER”- OUTER.

Medulla inner

125
Q

Only cranial nerve that originates from the posterior part of the brain

126
Q

What are the 2 types of Ganglia?

A

Craniospinal ganglia and autonomic

127
Q

Involved in key developmental processes, from patterning to neuronal migration to their respective role on neurogenesis.

A

Radial glial cells

128
Q

What divides the trigenimal and vagal tone

A

Striae medullaris

129
Q 
Part of the pons except	
A. Anterior median sulcus
B. basilar sulcus
C. Facial nerve	
D. Vestibulocochlear nerve
A

A. It is part of the medulla

130
Q

Termination of Spinal cord during birth

131
Q

Microtubules: The orientation of microtubules in dendrites is mixed, both plus to minus and minus toplus

132
Q

Cerebellum connected to brainstem through

A

Cerebellar peduncles

133
Q 
Pass through the inferior cerebrellar penducles except
A. Posterior lobe
B. anterior lobe	
C. Flocculonodular lobe	
D. Two of the above
134
Q

Lysosomes that has already degraded much of its contents,but has non-digestible materials remaining.

A

Dense bodies

135
Q

Collective term for superior and inferior colliculi

A

Corpora quadrigemina

136
Q

Caudal tip of the fourth ventricle

137
Q

It is the dissolution of the RER and loss of cytoplasmic basophilia during onset of regeneration accompanied by Perikaryon

A

Chromatolysis

138
Q

type of spina bifida wherein Contains meninges with CSF

A

Spina bifida with meningocele

139
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates the striatum

140
Q

It receives input from all parts of nervous system and in turn, exerts widespread influence on CNS function

A

Reticular formation

141
Q

In comatose patients – if condition alters from decerebrate to decorticate posturing. Is this good or bad?

142
Q

A system of spaces in the brain

A

Ventricles

143
Q

Right and left hemisphere is connected by

A

Corpus callosum

144
Q

The anterior neuropores close during ____ day of gestation

A

25th - anterior . Cranial 2/3

27th day - posterior. Caudal 1/3

145
Q

what brain structure can be found in the Caudal tip of the 4th ventricle

146
Q

Name of anterior lobe of the cerebellum according to its phylogeny

A

Paleocerebellum

147
Q

Relay station of the afferent sensory pathway to the cerebral cortex

148
Q 
Which of the following are not included in the telencephalon
A. Cerebral cortex	
B. Basal ganglia	
C. Commissures	
D. Cerebellar cortex
149
Q

What lobe of the cerebellum is for the coordination of voluntary movement

150
Q

What part of the medulla can cuneate tubercle be found?
A. Anterior
B. Posterior

A

B.Anterior - pyramid. Olives

Posterior - gracile, cuneate

151
Q

It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull and serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow

152
Q

Parietal and temporal lobe is divided by the

A

Lateral fissure of Sylvius

153
Q

What part of the brain is conical in shape and connects the Pons above to the Spinal cord below

154
Q

Functional name of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

A

Vestibular cerebellum

155
Q

What part of the brain is a 2 egg-shaped masses bordering the third ventricle

156
Q

During neurulation, neuroepithelium cells stop expressing ____________ and causes a loss of previous tight junction seal which is required for the generation of nonepithelium cells such as neurons.

157
Q

When does neural fold takes place

A

18th day of gestation

158
Q

Name the layers of cerebral cortex

A 
1 - molecular (plexiform) layer
2 - outer granular layer	
3 - pyramidal cell layer	
4 - inner granular layer	
5 - ganglionic layer
6 - multiform cell layer
159
Q

What part of the brain is composed of large mass of gray matter that lies on either side of the Third ventricle

160
Q

Extracellular trophic factors that affects progenitor and radial glial cells that can determine whether the cells will differentiate into either neurons or glia

A

CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor)NGR1 (cytokines or neuregulin 1)

161
Q

What part of the brain Forms the floor of the rostral part of the 4th ventricle

162
Q

Small amounts of Schwann cell cytoplasm that are not displaced to the periphery during Schwann cell formation of the myelin which subdivide the myelinated axon into irregular portions.

A

Myelin incisure or Schimdt-lanterman incisure

163
Q

Situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata

164
Q

The process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron’s cell body degenerates distal to the injury.

A

Wallerian degeneration

165
Q

True or false. Cerebral cortex is responsible for more than half of the mass of the brain.

166
Q

Narrow part of the brain that passes through the tentorialnotch and connects the forebrain to the hindbrain

167
Q

Axons are first at _________ then a T-shaped fashion ___________

A

Bipolar; Unipolar

168
Q

Cerebrum : ______= thalamus : 3rd ventricle

A

Lateral ventricle

169
Q

True Or false. Diencephalon is Consists of a ventral Thalamus and a dorsal Hypothalamus

A

False. Dorsal thalamus, ventral hypothalamus

170
Q

Defects in the formation of the cranium, often in the squamous part of the occipital bone

A

Cranium bifidum

171
Q

True or false. Most people are left brain dominant

A

True
Right handed = left dominant
Left handed = 60% right brain dominant , 40% left brain dominant

172
Q

Innervates the structures of the body wall (muscle, skin, and mucous membrane)

A

Somatic Nervous System

173
Q

structure that separates lateral ventricle

A

septum pellucida

174
Q

largest commissure of the brain

A

corpus callosum

175
Q

What are the three primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon

176
Q

consist of the white matter located between the basal ganglia and the thalamus

A

internal capsule

177
Q

Trace the derivatives of the brain vesicles

A

Telencephalon — w: Cerebral Hemispheres; c: lateral ventricles
Diencephalon — w: Thalami; c: Third ventricle
Mesencephalon — w: Midbrain; c: Aqueduct
Metencephalon — w: Pons and Cerebellum; c: upper part of fourth ventricle
Myelencephalon — w: Medulla; c: lower part of the fourth ventricle

178
Q

structure located between the telencephalon and mesencephalon and between the interventricular foramen and the posterior commissure

A

Diencephalon

179
Q

A.k.A epiphysis cerebri

A

pineal body

180
Q

Thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord, that is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.

181
Q

structure separated from the hypothalamus via hypothalamic sulcus

182
Q

Positional changes of Spinal Cord during 6 months

183
Q

a.k.a ventral thalamus

A

subthalamus

184
Q

separates occipital lobe and cerebellum

A

transverse sulcus

185
Q

result from closure of the anterior neuropore

A

lamina terminalis

186
Q

structure that connects lat ventricle and 3rd ventricle

A

foramen of monro

187
Q

structure in the medulla oblongata that contains the corticospinal tract

188
Q

a.k.a. stupid cranial nerve

A

trochlear nerve

189
Q

structure that is attached to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncle

A

cerebellum

190
Q

structure that separate cerebellum from temporal lobe and occipital lobe

A

tentorium cerebelli

191
Q

connects the cerebellum to pons and mid brain

A

sup. cerebellar peduncle

192
Q

lesion on wernicke’s will result to what aphasia?

A

fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia

193
Q

structure locate between the primary fissure of cerebellum and posterolateral fissure

A

posterior lobe

194
Q

lesion on area 41,42 will lead to?

195
Q

BG system: structure associated with Corpus striatum

A

Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus

NEURO (4 decks)

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