Neuro Literature

Question 1

What results in exercise induced collapse in labs?

Answer 1

Dynamin i gene mutation (DNM 1)

Question 2

In young dogs with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, what did they respond to?

Answer 2

78% improvement with KBr

Question 3

What may be markers of exertional myopathy in sled dogs?

Answer 3

IL-6 and MCP-1

Question 4

What is known about canine cognitive dysfunction?

Answer 4

• Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Neurodegenerative dz
○ Main CS: Sleeping during the day, restless at night, decreased interaction, disorientation at home, anxiety
○ Border-line cases did progress over study

Did not influence survival (small breeds did NOT have better survival then large breeds, no difference btwn sexes)

Question 5

What is known about cats with vestibular dz?

Answer 5

• Cats with vestibular disease: 52% central vestibular (bacterial, FIP, toxo, neoplasia, vascular dz)
○ 48% peripheral vestibular (idiopathic and otitis media/interna were most common)
§ Cats with idiopathic had complete recovery of CS)

Question 6

Which dog gets strokes?

Answer 6

• Greyhounds are predisposed to ischemic strokes (not related to coag) may be related to hypertension

Question 7

Which toxin in blue green algae results in neuro signs?

Answer 7

• Anatoxin-a (from blue green algae) can result in tremors, fasciculations, and lateral recumbency (FULMINANT)!!!

Question 8

In cats with seizures what is most common?

Answer 8

• In cats: Most frequently complex focal seizures with or without secondary generalizations (drooling, facial twitching, tremor, rapid running, mydriasis, hypersalivation, urination, defecation)
○ Lesions within Hippocampus Necrosis, resulting kindling
○ Cats did well with phenobarb (50% seizure-free)

Question 9

What is good for seizure control in cats?

Answer 9

Seizure controls in most cats with phenobar level 15-45 ug/ml regardless of cause of seizure (13 cats never had a seizure again) - 93% controlled

Question 10

Can dogs with idiopathc epilepsy have normal lives?

Answer 10

YES 7-9 years

Question 11

Did being on more than one anti-convulsant affect affect prognosis?

Answer 11

NO! :)

Question 12

How good is the cutaneous trunci reflex?

Answer 12

• Cutaneous trunci reflex allows for localization of TL spinal cord lesions within 4 vertebrae
○ Also helps with clinical segregation of cases (cut off correlated with increasing severity)
○ Cut off only seen in 80% patients

Question 13

What helped to decreased rate of recurrence in IVDD dogs?

Answer 13

Multiple-site disk fenestration decreased rate of recurrent IVDH in small-breed dogs, compared with the use of single-site disk fenestration (7% vs 18%)

Question 14

What in IVDD inversely correlated with ability to regainambulation?

Answer 14

Epidural inflammation
• Epidural inflammation occurs in majority of disk dogs, may develop long before CS (evidence of chronic inflammation in animals with acute CS)
○ Neutrophils to chronic granulation tissue (monocytes and MPs)
○ Severity of epidural inflammation correlated with degree of epidural hemorrhage and nucleus pulposus calcification (may be triggers, not previously suggested adaptive immune response to pulposus)
§ Not correlated with age. Chrondrodystrophic, neurologic grade, back pain, pretx, or duration
○ Degree of epidural inflammation inversely correlated with ability to regain ambulation

Question 15

What is considered a biomarker for IVDD?

Answer 15

○ >98% functional recovery if CSF CK

Question 16

What is true regarding the prognosis of IVDD?

Answer 16

• TL IVDD dogs: If deep pain intact 98% ambulatory after sx, if deep pain negative 52% ambulatory after sx (incontinence, neurologic deterioration, self-mutilation)

Question 17

Which things were elevated in CSF in dog with IVDD that had less successful recovery?

Answer 17

Elevated CSF myelin basic protein, creatine kinase, MMP-9, tau protein = Higher means worse injury and less successful recovery

• Predicting prognosis: 50% deep pain negative will recover

Question 18

What are more effective than sx for dogs with long standing TL IVDD?

Answer 18

Electroacupuncture

Question 19

What is the mutation that results in degenerative myopathy in BMD?

Answer 19

SOD mutation (higher risk of developing DM if homozygous)

Question 20

What infectious dz my be related to polyradiculoneuritis in dogs?

Answer 20

Toxoplasmosis

Question 21

What tx resulted in a trend toward faster recovery in dogs with polyradiculoneuritis?

Answer 21

IVIg had a trend (NOT statistically significant) toward faster recovery (27.5 days vs 75.5 days)

Question 22

What should be considered in a seizing or multifocal intracranial dz cat?

Answer 22

• Reversible encephalopathy secondary to thiamine deficiency in cats - Should be considering in seizing or with mutlifocal intracranial signs
○ Raw fish (thiaminases)
○ MRI: Hyperintesnsity in lateral geniculate nuclei

Question 23

What organism should be considered in progressive cerebellar ataxia and cerebellar atrophy in adult dogs?

Answer 23

Neospora caninum resulting in necrotizing cerebellitis and cerebellar atrophy in dogs

Question 24

What is another breed that gets Syringomyelia and Chiari-like malformation?

Answer 24

• Syringomyelia and Chiari-like malformation is prevalence in American Brussels Griffons
○ Synrix size was associated with neuro defs, Chiari-like malformation, larger ventricles, and smaller craniocervical junction height, neuro def, and cerebellar herniation

52% dogs with syringomyelia were clinically normal

Question 25

Did dogs with acquired MG have better clinical improvement with pyridostigmine +mycophenolate OVER pyridostigmine alone?

Answer 25

• Dogs treated with pyridostigme + mycophenolate did NOT have clinical improvement (survival time or remission) over pyridostigme alone in acquired MG

Question 26

What is better for HOD steroids or NSAIDs?

Answer 26

• Steroids were superior to NSAIDs in tx of HOD in Weimaraners
○ 94% has radiographic changes at presentation, BUT 6% did NOT have lesions until 48-72 hrs after CS started (may need to reimage)
○ 85% had resolution of condition and 15% had episodes of pyrexia/malaise
○ May had littermates that were also affected