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Neuro > Neuro Lab > Flashcards

Neuro Lab Flashcards

1
Q

lesions affecting the _____ nucleus or nerve present with lateral strabismus, diplopia, and pupillary dilation

A

oculomotor (uncal herniation)

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2
Q

function of abducens nuclei

A

lateral rectus nucleus of ipsilateral eye

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3
Q

region within the reticular formation at the rostral end of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the midbrain involved in coordinating conjugate vertical eye movements

A

interstitial nucleus aka vertical gaze center aka nucleus of cajal

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4
Q

root that mediates dorsiflexion at the ankle

A

L5

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5
Q

what carries sensation from head and neck

A

trigem

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6
Q

crossing fibers of auditory

A

trapezoid body

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7
Q

function of spinal nucleus and tract of V

A

protopathic sensory from face, then epicritic

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8
Q

protopathic sense

A

pain, temperature

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9
Q

tract in the genu of the internal capsule

A

corticobulbar (motor)

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10
Q

axons in lateral lemniscus

A

from both ears

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11
Q

where will you find contralateral cerebellar signs

A

superior cerebellar peduncle, red nucleus

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12
Q

artery that supplies basal ganglia, post limb internal capsule, visual radiations, thalamus, amygdala

A

lenticulostriate

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13
Q

artery that supplies dorsal 1/3 of spinal cord

A

posterior spinal (2)

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14
Q

function of chief sensory nucleus of V

A

epicritic sensation for head and neck, same side

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15
Q

two tracts in the anterior limb of the interal capsule

A

frontopontine, thalamocortical

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16
Q

at the caudal midbrain level, the medial lemniscus carries ____ signal for the entire (ipsi/contra) lateral side of the body

A

epicritic sensory signals, contralateral, including the head

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17
Q

spinal nucleus of CN 5 in the medulla receives what type of info

A

protopathic from face

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18
Q

to where do projections from the inferior olive go

A

cross over, serve as source of climbing fibers in cerebellum

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19
Q

blood supply to inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

PICA

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20
Q

damage to the cranial nucleus or nerve itself causes (ipsi/contra) lateral symptoms

A

ipsilateral

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21
Q

signs of tumor

A

unilateral, progressive, increased intracranial pressure

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22
Q

type of stroke that causes: bilateral blindness (occ lobes), memory loss (temp lobes), somatosensory loss (thalamus)

A

top of the basilar

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23
Q

what carries protopathic

A

anterolateral

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24
Q

made in locus ceruleus

A

norepi

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25
Q

stroke to anterior spinal artery, medulla branch

A

contralateral sensory loss and paresis, ipsilateral tongue paralysis

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26
Q

pathology of solitary nuc and is it ipsi or contra

A

ipsilateral loss of taste

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27
Q

localizer for anterograde amnesia

A

parahippocampal gyri

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28
Q

stroke to anterior cerebral

A

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss in leg and foot, sometimes apraxia

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29
Q

dilation of pupil localizes to what area of the brain

A

midbrain

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30
Q

signs of AICA stroke

A

facial paralysis, deafness, CN 7 and 8 problems

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31
Q

SCA stroke symptoms

A

ataxia, tremor, protopathic loss to face, Horner’s

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32
Q

pathology of medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

internuclear opthalmoplegia: contralateral eye cannot adduct for conjugate gaze shift but can adduct during convergence

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33
Q

efferent portion of gag reflex (which CN)

A

X vagus

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34
Q

a pinealoma will press down on the ____ ____ and the first diagnostic symptom is:

A

posterior commissure; paralysis of upward eye movements

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35
Q

stroke to post cerebral, bilateral

A

top of basilar occlusion, bilateral blindness, memory loss, somatosensory loss, coma, death

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36
Q

CN _ =afferent limb of pupillary light reflex

A

2

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37
Q

symptoms of vermis and flocculus lesions

A

ataxia, broad based gait, nystagmus, hypotonia

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38
Q

afferent portion of gag reflex (which CN)

A

IX glossopharyngeal

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39
Q

can’t speak but understand fine

A

broca’s (inf frontal gyrus)

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40
Q

rostral endpoint of midbrain

A

posterior commissure

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41
Q

function of pineal body

A

makes melatonin

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42
Q

tract that connects the abducens nuclei in pons to the trochlear and oculomotor nuclei in the midbrain, crosses

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

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43
Q

artery that supplies occipital lobe, medial temporal, portion of parietal, midbrain, crus cerebri, posterior thalamus, angular gyrus

A

posterior cerebral artery

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44
Q

cranial nerves evident on surface of basilar pons

A

8, 7, 6, 5

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45
Q

root that mediates inversion of foot

A

L4

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46
Q

superior colliculi are part of the ___ system

A

visual

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47
Q

epicritic sense

A

vibration, tactile form (2 point discrimination), position sense, simple touch

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48
Q

function of dorsolateral fasiculus

A

protopathic enters here, goes up a few, then crosses over through anterior white commissure to the anterolateral system

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49
Q

stroke to post communicating arteries

A

contralateral paresis, coma, death

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50
Q

artery that supplies ventral 2/3 spinal cord

A

anterior spinal

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51
Q

cranial nerve in middle pons

A

V-motor nucleus, principal sensory nucleus

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52
Q

roots that mediate flexion at the elbow and the biceps reflex

A

C5 and C6

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53
Q

midbrain region that makes dopamine and where the neurons project

A

substantia nigra, striatum

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54
Q

where is the spinal nucleus of V and what sensory info is there

A

medulla and caudal pons, protopathic

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55
Q

root that mediates hip abductors and dorsiflexion of food

A

L5

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56
Q

six UMN signs

A

spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, Babinski, hypertonia, CN7 contralateral lower face droop, CN12 tongue deviates to contralateral side

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57
Q

seven LMN signs

A

flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy, muscle fasciculations, CN7 entire half face paralysis, CN12 lick the lesion

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58
Q

three outputs of vestibular nuclei

A

cranial nerve nuclei that move the eyes (3, 4, 6), to spinal cord via vestibulospinal tracts (posture), to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle (balance, reflexive eye movements)

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59
Q

lesions to which CN cause deafness in ipsilateral ear, nystagmus, vertigo, and balance problems

A

VIII

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60
Q

what CN does protrusion of tongue test

A

XII

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61
Q

how does the rostral pons connect to the cerebellum

A

sup cerebellar peduncles

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62
Q

roots that mediate extension of knee and adductors of hip

A

L2 and L3

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63
Q

the auditory portion of CN 8 synapses where

A

on cochlear nuclei

64
Q

root that mediates leg extension at the knee and the patellar tendon reflex

A

L4

65
Q

root that mediates the elbow extension and the triceps reflex

A

C7

66
Q

how to differentiate between vestibular nystagmus and cerebellar nystagmus

A

cerebellar-intention, gaze induced

vestibular-not induced

67
Q

a brainstem lesion most rostral symptom will be (ipsi/contra) lateral and the more caudal symptoms will be (ipsi/contra) lateral

A

most rostral: same side

caudal symptoms: opposite

68
Q

function of vestibular nuclei

A

receive sensory info about head movement via CN 8.

69
Q

pregnant and carpal tunnel

A

could be preeclampsia, swelling causing nerve problems

70
Q

what carries the epicritic sense

A

doral columns, lemniscal

71
Q

symptoms of vermis or flocculus damage

A

nystagmus

72
Q

horizontal gaze center

A

caudal pons, abducens nuclei and paramedian pontine reticular formation

73
Q

motor pathway: cortex > ______ > ______> descend contralerally

A

internal capsule > caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation)

74
Q

what causes papilledema

A

increased intracranial pressure

75
Q

artery that supplies lateral surface of frontal, temporal, parietal lobes, Wernicke’s

A

middle cerebral

76
Q

pretectal area controls

A

total amount of light entering the eye

77
Q

the brachium of the inf colliculus ends in the ____ _____ _____ of the thalamus

A

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

78
Q

stroke to anterior choroidal

A

with hemorrhage: may cause paralysis, sensory deficits, visual field deficit (internal capsule)

79
Q

entire side of face drooping including forehead localizes lesion to where

A

pons–lower motor lesion of facial VII-same side, facial nucleus or nerve

80
Q

damage to corticobulbar paths which control the CN nuceli may cause (ipsi/contral) lateral symptoms

A

contralateral

81
Q

PICA stroke symptoms

A

lateral medullary, vertigo, hoarseness

82
Q

dysmetria

A

past pointing

83
Q

when uvula deviates to the left, there is a (R/L) problem with which cranial nerve

A

vagus

84
Q

roots that mediate hip flexion

A

L1, L2

85
Q

function of medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

coordinates head and eye movement

86
Q

symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

A

nausea, vomiting, stupor, headache, seizures, coma, death

87
Q

this syndrome results from occlusion of branches of the anterior spinal artery

A

medial medullary syndrome

88
Q

if the lesion is in forebrain, all sensory and motor symptoms are on which side of the body

A

contralateral

89
Q

________ nucleus contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that project to the ciliary ganglion, responsible for:

A

Edinger-Westphal; pupillary constriction and thickening of the lens (accommodation with convergence of the pupils to focus on near objects)

90
Q

the medial longitudinal fasciculus connects what three structures and three cranial nerve nuceli

A

superior colliculus, vestibular nuceli, CN 3/4/6, cervical spinal cord

91
Q

cranial nerve nucleus at junction of medulla-pons

A

VIII (vestibulocochlear)

92
Q

root that mediates plantar flexion at the ankle and the Achilles tendon reflex

A

S1

93
Q

Romberg sign

A

loss of balance when eyes are closed

94
Q

if lesion is in spinal cord, on will you observe symptoms

A

same side except protopathic will be contralateral

95
Q

can speak but can’t understand

A

wernicke’s (angular and supramarginal gyri)

96
Q

stroke to lenticulostriate

A

involuntary movements (basal ganglia), paralysis, sensory deficits over half of body, homonymous visual field defects (internal capsule)

97
Q

superior olive involved in what?

A

audition

98
Q

root that mediates flexion of knee, eversion of foot, plantar flexion of foot

A

S1

99
Q

stroke to middle cerebral

A

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss, apraxia, aphasia, partial blindness

100
Q

pathology of facial nucleus

A

paralysis of facial muscles ipsilateral, mouth droops, can’t close eye, can lead to drying out of cornea

101
Q

trapezoid body

A

cross over point for auditory info, contains medial lemniscus

102
Q

what carries propioceptive

A

spinocerebellar

103
Q

root that mediates flexion of upper limb digits

A

C8

104
Q

symptoms of lateral cerebellar lesions

A

intention tremor, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia

105
Q

stroke to ant spinal art, spinal cord branch

A

paralysis, loss of protopathic below occlusion

106
Q

pathology of TST causes

A

nausea, dizziness, imbalance, nystagmus

107
Q

root that mediates abduction and adduction of upper limb digits

A

T1

108
Q

stroke to ant inf cerebellar

A

ipsilateral cerebellar signs, facial paralysis, ipsilateral hearing loss, loss of protopathic over ipsilateral face

109
Q

inf cerebellar peduncles receives connections from:

A

spinocerebellar tracts, inferior olive (contra), vestibular nuclei

110
Q

stroke to post inf cerebellar

A

Wallenburg’s: vertigo, loss of balance, ipsilateral cerebellar signs, loss of facial pain sensation, hoarseness

111
Q

two cranial nerve nuceli in tegmentum of midbrain

A

III and IV

112
Q

MLF receives connections from:

A

vestibular nuclei, CN VI

113
Q

symptoms of medial medullary syndrome

A

contralateral hemiplegia of limbs, contralateral loss of epicritic (medial lemniscus), deviation of tongue to ipsilateral when protruded

114
Q

dysarthria

A

motor inability to speak

115
Q

why do you see hyporeflexes after a trauma and then hyperreflexia in a follow up?

A

shock first, then UMN damage presents

116
Q

CN _=efferent limb of pupillary light reflex

A

3

117
Q

cranial nerves that localize to the medulla

A

XII, XI, X, IX, VIII

118
Q

function of nucleus ambiguus

A

movement of larynx and pharynx

119
Q

stroke to post cerebral, unilateral

A

blindness in the contralateral visual field, alexia

120
Q

inferior colliculi are part of the ___ system

A

auditory

121
Q

function of motor nucleus of V

A

muscles of mastication, same side

122
Q

medial lemniscus (auditory/somatosensory), and is a component of what system

A

somatosensory, dorsal column system

123
Q

for which CN is internal strabismus a sign, and which side

A

abducens 6 (same side lesion and symptom)

124
Q

diagnostic symptoms of a pinealoma

A

paralysis of upward eye movements, pupillary light reflex blocked (pretectal area), non-communicating hydrocephalus (tectum and obstruct cerebral aqueduct)

125
Q

damage to Edinger-Westphal nucleus causes

A

severely disrupted eye movements, eye is fixed and deviated laterally and down and there is ptosis (lid droops), dilated pupil (mydriasis) and unresponsive to light shined in other eye

126
Q

function of facial nucleus

A

motor for facial muscles, innervates stapedius, auricularis, and stylohyoid muscles

127
Q

head to toe deficit of motor, sensory, and vision indicates lesion to what structure

A

posterior limb of internal capsule

128
Q

MLF sends connections to:

A

CN III nuclei, IV, VI, cervical cord

129
Q

lateral lemniscus: (auditory/somatosensory)

A

auditory

130
Q

pathology of abducens nuclei

A

diplopia

131
Q

function of reticular formation

A

coordinates reflexes from cranial nerves (ex. swallowing X)

132
Q

two cranial nerves in solitary nuc

A

9 and 10

133
Q

dysdiadochokinesia (inability to make rapid alternating movements) is a symptom of what kind of damage

A

hemispheric, cerebellar

134
Q

stroke to which artery causes bilateral blindness

A

basal artery (tip occlusion)

135
Q

stroke to basilar branches

A

paralysis and loss of sensation in face, body, and limbs; can also affect eye movements and cause diplopia

136
Q

how does the caudal pons connect to the cerebellum

A

inf, middle, and sup cerebellar peduncles

137
Q

symptoms of vestibular nuclei pathology

A

nystagmus, loss of balance, vertigo

138
Q

function of TST

A

head movements during visual and auditory tracking

139
Q

a stroke to which artery causes blindness in ipsilateral eye

A

internal carotid artery (branch to opthalamic)

140
Q

what causes a roaring sound

A

if nerve (VII) to stapedius muscle is damaged (because usually stapedius dampens sound)

141
Q

symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome

A

contralateral loss of protopathic over the body (anterolateral), ipsilateral loss of protopathic over face (spinal trigem tract), dysphagia, soft palate paralysis, hoarseness, diminished gag reflex (all nucleus ambiguus), ipsilateral Horner’s (HRST), nausea and diplopia (vestibular nuclei), ataxia to ipsilateral side

142
Q

stroke to sup cerebellar

A

ipsilateral cerebellar signs, contralateral protopathic loss, Horner’s

143
Q

large cholinergic nucleus that projects directly to cerebral cortex

A

basal nucelus of Meynert

144
Q

“shade pulled down over eye” suggestive of disease in which artery

A

ICA proximal to opthalamic branch

145
Q

cranial nerve lesions that localize to the pons

A

5,6,7

146
Q

root that mediates arm abduction at the shoulder

A

C5

147
Q

artery that supplies post limb of internal capsule, hippocampus (but not basal ganglia)

A

ant choroidal

148
Q

two tracts in the posterior limb of the internal capsule

A

corticospinal (motor descending), thalamocortical (sensory ascending)

149
Q

what CN does shrugging shoulders test

A

XI

150
Q

the principal/chief sensory nucleus of CN 5 in the pons processes what type of info

A

epicritic from face

151
Q

this syndrome results from occlusion of the PICA or PICA branches

A

lateral medullary syndrome aka Wallenberg

152
Q

where is the CN VIII found in the medulla

A

rostral only

153
Q

connections to TST come from

A

deep layers of cuperior colliculus

154
Q

how does the middle pons connect to the cerebellum

A

middle and sup cerebellar peduncles

155
Q

two arteries that supply the pons

A

AICA and perforating branches of the basilar

156
Q

made in raphe nucleus

A

serotonin

Neuro (2 decks)

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