Neuro K 2 Flashcards
Memory loss, visual hallucinations and parkinsonism; intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion containing ubiquity; involves the limbic cortex, basal nucleus of Meynert and substantial nigra
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Order of events in Multiple Sclerosis
1) Acute plaques show dense lymphohistiolytic infiltration and active digestion of myelin byproducts
2) As inflammation and myelin breakdown diminish in older plaques, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes transform the plaque into a gliotic area
3) Axons are relatively preserved but oligodendroglial cells are greatly diminished
The superior laryngeal artery accompanies the _____ n What happens if this nerve has a lesion?
accompanies internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
Lesion of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal n leads to loss of sensation in the laryngeal mucosa above the vocal folds and loss of the cough reflex
sensory innervation to the larynx above and below the vocal folds
above: internal branch of the superior laryngeal n
below: recurrent laryngeal n
Difference between the left and the right in terms of where the recurrent laryngeal nerve arises from
Left: recurrent laryngeal nerve arises from the vagus at the aortic arch
Right: arises from the vagus nerve at the right subclavian artery
sensory innervation to pharyngeal mucosa
glossopharyngeal nerve (afferent limb of gag reflex)
Motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle?
Motor innervation to lateral cricoaretynoid muscle?
external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve
List the enzymes involved in each step of the catecholamine synthesis:
1) Tyrosine–>Dopa
2) Dopa–>Dopamine
3) Dopamine–>NE
4) NE–>Epi
1) Tyrosine hydroxyls
2) Dopa decarboxylase
3) Dopamine Beta hydroxyls
4) phenylethonolamine-N-methyl transferase (PMNT) (gene induced by stress)
*source of the methyl group is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Sensorineural hearing loss can occur by damage to hair cells of the ____ _ _____. These cells can be damaged by trauma from very loud sounds or toxic drugs. In contrast what is Presbycusis?
Organ of corti
In contrast, presbycusis is an age related hearing loss in which a loss of hair cells at the base of the cochlea leads to high frequency hearing loss
Is the ampulla part of the auditory system or the vestibular system? What is its function?
vestibular
contains hair cells that detect changes in angular acceleration resulting from circular movements of the head
Is Middle cerebral a a part of the circle of willis? what is the consequence of this?
No; blockage to MCA can lead to significant ischemic damage because it is not part of the circle of willis and therefore does not have anastomoses that can compensate if its blocked
Histopathologic features of Alzheimer’s disease
Neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Extracellular senile plaques consisting of A-beta amyloid
Granulovacuolar degeneration and Hirano bodies
Amount of DNA (2N or 4N?) in a normal neuron. Why?
Neurons are primarily post mitotic and do not undergo DNA synthesis or mitosis so all cells should be 2N
- Slow-growing benign tumors (15% of intracranial tumors), most common in the elderly, females and in the parasagittal region
- Can present as mass lesion with seizures, headaches, and adjacent cortical compression
- Microscopically these tumor cells form whorls and psammoma bodies
Meningiomas
How to treat acute stroke? But must first rule what out?
thrombolytic therapy
Must rule out hemorrhage by obtaining head CT scan first
