neuro introduction Flashcards
what is clinical neuroscience?
the scientific study of disorder and disease of the nervous system
clinical neurosceince is the combination of which three overlapping disciplines?
neurology
psychiatry
neuroscience
what is neurology?
medical specialty encompassing diseases, conditions and infections of the nervous system
what parts of the body does neurology study?
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
neurology is associated with what kind of changes in the nervous system? are they obvious?
physical changes; yes! can see and identify
what is psychiatry?
medical specialty encompassing the diagnosis treatment and prevention of mental illness
what kind of disorders does psychiatry cover?
addiction and substance use disorder
psychiatry is associated with what kind of changes in the nervous system? are they obvious?
physical changes; no! not obvious and cannot be seen
what is neuroscience?
scientific study of the brain and nervous system
what are the possible divisions of neuroscience?
molecular
cellular
cognitive
psychophysics
computational
are changes in neuroscience able to be seen and identified?
sometimes! include both inorganic (cannot be seen) and organic (can be seen) causes
in the 17th century, what did scholars begin looking at?
scientific study of the brain and nervous system
from the 19th and 20th century, what did the scientific studies of the brain and nervous system seperate into?
neurology and psychiatry
what did psychiatry create the study of?
neuroscience
when did clinical neuroscience become a study?
21st century
in approximately 300BC, what was the early idea of brain function?
the brain is the major controlling center of the body, not the heart
in 350BC, what did aristotle think the brain did?
cool the passions of the heart
in approximately 100BC, what was the early idea of brain function? what dominant theorist proposed this?
galen introduced the idea of spirits (pneumata) circulating between the liver, heart, and brain
what did galen think was in the brain, and not the heart?
seat of the “rational soul”
- brain is the centre for perceptions and actions
how long did galen’s ideas dominate in thinking about brain function?
1500 years
who was al-zahrawi, when his theories dominated, and what did he create the first description of?
pioneer of neruosurgery from 936-1013; surgery to relieve hydrocephalus
who was avicenna, when his theories dominated, and what was his early identification of?
father of modern medicine from 980-1037; schizophrenia
who was andreus vesalius, when did his theories dominate, and what did he discover?
founded modern medicine by dissecting humans from 1514-1564; critical features of galen’s anatomy were correct, and did not look at the brain
who was rene descartes, when did his theories dominate, and what did he recognize?
focussed on perceptions of the outside world from 1596-1650; existence of reflexes
what were the three major concepts promotes by descartes?
- only humans has a thinking mind
- dualism
- mind and body interact in the pinneal gland
if descrates thought that only humans have a thinking mind, what did he think animals were?
complex stimulus-response machines
what is dualism?
mind and body are separate
were the three major concepts promoted by descartes true?
no! they were all false
during what time period did scientific thinking flourish?
the renaissance
the renaissance was driven by the idea that..?
natural laws can explain the workings of the material world
when did luigi galvanti’s theories dominate, and what did he obtain indirect evidence for?
1737-1798; intrinsic electrical activity in the nervous system (remove spirits to replace with electrical impulses)
who was the founder of modern neurology and the first neuroscientist?
jean-martin charcot
what did charcot carefully examined the ________ _______ in _______________
nervous system; postmortems (people with organic disease)
charcot described and classified many disorders, these include?
multiple sclerosis
parkinson’s
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
when did santiago ramon cajal theories dominate and what did he discover?
1852-1934; structure of individual nerve cells + unidirectional flow of information along nerve cells
when did charles sherrington’s theories dominate and what did he recognize in behaviour?
1857-1952; behaviour could be explained by networks of neurons
charles sherrington stressed the idea that?
complex behaviour could be reduced to simpler components
what did charles sherrington discover, and what term did he introduce?
inhibition of the nervous system; synapse
who was ivan pavlov, when did his theories dominate, and what did he discover?
founding of biopsychology from 1849-1936; set the stage for the study or brain behaviour relationships
who was b.f. skinner, when did his theories dominate, and what did he study?
behaviourist from 1904-1990; process of human memory and disorders
what did b.f. skinner develop to study memory?
skinner box: reinforces after delivering a desired response to get closer to the target behaviour, and punishing wrong responses. shapes behaviour
who the neuroscientists after WWII?
rita levi-montalcini, brenda milner, and ben barres
what did rita levi-montalcin identify?
NGF as critical for neuronal survival and outgrowth
what did brenda milner identify?
hippocampus for the formation of memory
what did ben barres identify?
foundational studies on the importance of glia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes for proper CNS function
