Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neuro 210 > clinical + research techniques for investigating the nervous system > Flashcards

clinical + research techniques for investigating the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

for investigating neuroscience, what are the clinical methods?

A

clinical history + exam
neuropathology
imaging
electrophysiology
chemical studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what questions are asked when taking the patients history?

A

age
sex
handedness
when, what and where is the problem
associated conditions
medication, allergies
family history
developmental history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is observed/taken in a patients physical exam?

A

mental status (awake or comatose)
language (receptive and expressive)
cranial nerve exam
cerebellar exam
strength
tone (stiff or flexible)
reflexes
gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cranial nerves are important for what part of the brain’s assessment?

A

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cranial nerves are typically tested in what kind of patient?

A

comatose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an example of a cranial nerve test they use that does not require a MRI or CT scan?

A

pupillary response: optic nerve, constricts (small) pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are some tests to discover cerebellar signs that do not require MRI or CT scans?

A

nystagmus (eye jerk)
ataxia or unsteady gait (jack sparrow walk)
slurred speech
dyadiadochikynesia (cannot perform rapid alternating muscle movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the sensory response to pain?

A

withdraw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the pathway of a sensory response to heat?

A

hot object -> sensory receptors -> spinal cord -> muscle contracts and withdrawn parts being stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the name for the type of reflexes that are normal in babies up until a certain age?

A

primitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do primitive reflexes help us identify?

A

brain lesions if reflex is there when it should be gone or does not exist completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some examples of primitive reflexes in babies?

A

tonic neck reflex, grasp reflex, step reflex, crawl reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the deep tendon reflex?

A

hammer on knee, leg kicks up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the deep tendon reflex can be triggered by?

A

stretch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reflex responses help doctor to?

A

localize where the lesion is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if there is an increased reflex, this suggests that there is a lesion..?

A

above the level tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

if there is a decreased reflex, there is a lesion..?

A

at the level or below the level tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is clonus?

A

brain or spine injury above lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

can clinical methods (neurological exam) show exactly where the lesion is?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the methods that were initially used to examine where brain lesions were was?

A

pathological post-mortem examination (brain after death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is brocas area responsible for?

A

speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

damage of the frontal left cortex associated with?

A

difficulty speaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

established lateralization of the lingusitixc funcgtion mainly in what hemisphere for right handed individuals?

A

left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pathology can identify?

A

post-mortem brain changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pathology can now give the?

A

subtype of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

can pathology show the types of cells?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pathology requires a sample, so how have we tried to avoid this?

A

brain imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a CT scan?

A

image with series of x-ray slices/images put together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the advantages of a CT scan?

A
  • cheap and fast
  • most common scanning method
  • good at detecting blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the disadvantages of a CT scan

A
  • limited resolution
  • can miss acute stroke lesions
  • not as precise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is an MRI scan?

A

a magnetic field where a radio signal moves a sequence of cells

32
Q

what are the advantages of an MRI scan?

A
  • very fine details of anatomy
  • multiple sequences can be used to detect specific problem
33
Q

what are the disadvantages of an MRI scan?

A
  • take an hour
  • children require sedation
  • cost
  • limited availability due to cost
34
Q

what was one of the first applications of the MRI?

A

volume measurement

35
Q

if someone has alzheimers, will they have a larger brain volume or a smaller brain volume?

A

smaller! experience shrinkage

36
Q

what are two types of MRI sequences (______ weighted)

A

diffusion-weighted and perfusion weighted

37
Q

what is a diffusion weighted MRI

A

water distribution
- diffusion of protons in water along fibre tracks

38
Q

what is a perfusion rated MRI?

A

blood comes in and flow

39
Q

MRI methods that use diffusion methods are used to examine tracts in patients with what kind of problems?

A
  • brain tumors
  • illness (depression)
  • developmental disorder (autism)
  • aging
40
Q

what is magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)?

A

the ratio of chemicals in a certain region

41
Q

what are the advantages of MRS

A
  • provides quantification of specific metabolites or neurotransmitters in specific regions of interest
42
Q

what are the disadvantages of MRS?

A
  • cannot from blood or urine
43
Q

does CT, MRI, or MRS show the vascular aspect (arteries, veins) of the brain?

A

no!

44
Q

what is an angiogram?

A

radio-opaque substance, or dye, to make the blood vessels visible under x-ray

45
Q

what are the advantages of angiograms?

A

very precise mapping of the blood vessels (even smaller ones)

46
Q

what are the disadvantages of angiograms?

A

requires a catheter to put into the blood vessels and injection of dye which can lead to vessels rupture or allergic reaction

47
Q

sometimes the problem does not affect the structure of the brain but..?

A

the function of the brain cells

48
Q

what is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

difference in electrical potentials generated by the brain

49
Q

what are the advantages of an EEG

A
  • high temporal resolution
  • useful monitoring state of arousal
  • cheap
50
Q

what are the disadvantages of an EEG?

A
  • poor spatial resolution (no precise localization)
  • restricted mainly to cortical activity (cannot if it is small or deep)
51
Q

what is a common disorder EEG is used to monitor?

A

seizures

52
Q

what are grids used for in an EEG

A

put directly onto the brain for precise mapping

53
Q

what are depth electrodes used for in an EEG

A

implanted into the brain for deeper structure recording

54
Q

what is an electromyogram (EMG)?

A

patient muscle activity is recorded either at the surface or using a needle inserted within the muscle

55
Q

what are the advantages of an EMG

A
  • allow to measure precisely activity in the muscle
  • detect when the muscle is not getting enough nerve input and is “disconnected”
  • can help define the type of muscle disease
56
Q

what are the disadvantages of an EMG

A
  • painful needle insertion depending on placement
57
Q

what is nerve-conduction stimulus (NCS)

A

patient nerve activity is recorded by stimulating the nerve and recording the time for its connected muscle to be activated

58
Q

what are the advantages of NCS

A
  • measure the precise activity of the nerve (both speed and wave form of the amount of muscle used)
  • can narrow down type of disease by injury pattern
59
Q

what are the disadvantages of NCS

A

can be painful with the stimulation of the nerve

60
Q

until the year 2000, what was the most used method for genetic testing?

A

karyotypes

61
Q

what do karyotype genetics allow?

A

visualize different chromosomes using a staining method and microscope

62
Q

what can copy number variation due (in relation to karyotypes)?

A

can be either a gain or loss of DNA

63
Q

what is comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)?

A

obtain patient DNA, have a reference sample plus patient DNA, compare copy of gene

64
Q

in CGH, if there is a gain in the patient, what colour is it?

A

red

65
Q

in CGH, if there is a deficit in the patient, what colour is it?

A

green

66
Q

what is an advantage of CGH

A

map changes in the copy number for the entire genome so do not need to know which gene could be affected in patient

67
Q

what is a disadvantage of CGH

A

will not be able to tell if a patient has a single base pair change

68
Q

what is next generation sequencing (NGS)?

A

multiple fragments sequenced at once, has a single base pair resolution

69
Q

what are the advantages of NGS

A

multiple sequences at the time allow for faster and cheaper sequencing of entire genome

70
Q

what are the disadvantages of NGS

A
  • more error-prone than one gene
  • need a reference genome for aligning the fragments of colour coded sequences
71
Q

what are the clinical methods for both central and peripheral called?

A

brain metabolies

72
Q

what are the two forms of brain metabolites

A

lumbar puncture / spinal tap
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

73
Q

what is a lumbar puncture?

A

looks at the level of red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

74
Q

what are the advantages of lumbar puncture

A
  • allows to get CSF, which can identify chemical, metabolic, or immune differences
  • less invasive than getting brain tissue
75
Q

what are the disadvantages of lumbar puncture

A
  • patient must be collaborative
  • risk of pain and infection

neuro 210 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions