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Neurology > Neuro exam of SA > Flashcards

Neuro exam of SA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 5 finger rule?

A

onset
clinical course
lateralisation
pain
neuroanatomical localisation

signalment

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2
Q

What ddx categories worsen over time?

A

inflammatory
neoplastic
nutritional
degenerative
anomalous

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3
Q

What ddx categories are severly acute and get better over time?

A

toxic
trauma
vascular

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4
Q

What do we observe at the start of a neuro exam?

A

mental status
behaviour
posture
body position at rest
evaluation of gait
abnormal involuntary movements

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5
Q

What is the ascending reticular activating system ARAS?

A

activates the forebrain
keeps the awake state
controls level of consciousness

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6
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected with an obtunded animal?

A

forebrain

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7
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected with a stuporous animal?

A

brainstem

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8
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in a comatose animal?

A

brainstem

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9
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in an animal making wide circles?

A

forebrain on the side they are circling towards
they are ignoring the side they can’t control

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10
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in an animal making tight circles?

A

vestibular system

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11
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in an animal doing head pressing?

A

forebrain

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12
Q

What abnormalities can be observed with the posture and body position at rest?

A

head tilt
wide based stance
pleurothotonus (head + body turn)
abnormalities of trunk/ curvatures
rigidity postures

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13
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in an animal with head tilt?

A

vestibular system

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14
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in an animal with pleurothotonus?

A

thalamocortex
forebrain

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15
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected in an animal with a wide based stance?

A

when trying to not fall over

cerebellum

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16
Q

What is the difference between scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis?

A

scoliosis: sideway curve
kyphosis: hunchback (pain?)
lordosis: arched

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17
Q

What does low head carriage indicate?

A

cervical hyperaesthesia?

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18
Q

What is schiff-sherrington?

A

rigidity posture when recumbent
t3-l3 myelopathy
thoracic limbs: extended and increased tone
pelvic limbs: decreased muscle tone
paraplegic or severely non ambulatory paraparetic
*not of prognostic value

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of gait analysis that we should be observing in a neuro exam?

A

coordinated vs uncoordinated (ataxia)
loss of motor function? paresis vs plegia
lame? othopaedic vs neurologic

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20
Q

What are the types of ataxia?

A

uncoordinated gaits, sensory function affected

cerebellar ataxia
vestibular ataxia
general proprioceptive ataxia

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21
Q

What is decerebellate rigidity?

A

rigidity posture when recumbent
cerebellar affected
normal mentation
tilted pelvis, extention of legs and neck
usually fine w/thoracic but not pelvic limbs when asked to walk

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22
Q

What is decerebrate rigidity?

A

rigidity posture when recumbent
brainstem/disconnected forebrain affected
commatose patient
increase in tone of extensor muscles go very stiff

23
Q

What is a cerebellar ataxic gait?

A

problem with cerebellum

wide base
struggle to coordinate
high steps
decerebellar rigidity when recumbent?

24
Q

What is a vestibular ataxic gait?

A

problem with vestibular system

slightly tilt
tendency to fall

25
Q

What is a proprioceptive ataxic gait?

A

nerve problem UMN/LMN?

very uncoordinated
crossing and overstepping legs

26
Q

What is paresis?

A

partial loss of motor function
inability to support weight
can be ambulatory (can still move on its own for a few steps) or non-ambulatory (can’t move on its own, has some flexion capabilities)

27
Q

What is plegia?

A

complete loss of motor function

28
Q

What is the difference between non-ambulatory tetraparesis and tetraplegia?

A

non-amb. tetraparesis: when the weight is supported, can still swing all 4 legs

tetraplegia: when weight is supported, can’t move any legs

29
Q

What neuroanatomic location is affected to cause seizures?

A

forebrain

30
Q

What neuroanatomical location is affected to cause generalised tremors?

A

cerebellum or forebrain

31
Q

What should we test hands-on in a general neuro exam?

A

postural reaction testing
spinal nerve reflexes, muscle mass and tone
cranial nerve assessment
palpation vs areas of pain/discomfort

32
Q

What does postural reactions test?

A

conscious perception (brain is involved, not a reflex)
tests sensory (long pathway), animal needs body weight supported

foot placement, hopping, wheelbarrow, table/wall

33
Q

What spinal reflexes can we test and where?

A

thoracic limbs: withdrawal reflex
pelvic limbs: withdrawal reflex, patellar reflex
cutaneous trunci reflex
perianal reflex

34
Q

What are the key points to remember when interpreting spinal reflexes?

A

UMN modulates the LMN
LMN feeds info to muscles
in spinal cord conditions the deficits are caudal to the lesion

35
Q

When c1-c5 is affected, what is the muscle tone and spinal reflexes?

A

all 4 limbs affected
normal to increase in all 4 limbs

36
Q

When c6-t2 is affected, what is the muscle tone and spinal reflexes?

A

all 4 limbs affected
reduced to absent in thoracic limbs
normal to increase in pelvic limbs

37
Q

When t3-l3 is affected, what are the muscle tone and spinal reflexes?

A

thoracic limbs not affected
normal to increase in pelvic limbs

38
Q

When l4-s3 is affected, what are the muscle tone and spinal reflexes?

A

thoracic limbs not affected
reduced to absent in pelvic limbs

39
Q

What are the CN and brain part assessed with vision?

A

conscious
CNII and forebrain

40
Q

What are the CN and brain parts assessed with menace response?

A

conscious
CN II and CN VII
forebrain and cerebellum

41
Q

What are the CN and brain part assessed with facial sensation?

A

conscious
CN V
forebrain

42
Q

What are the CN assessed with PLR?

A

CN III

43
Q

What are the CN assessed with palpebral reflex?

A

CN V and CN VII

44
Q

What are the CN assessed with facial symmetry?

A

CN VII

45
Q

What are the CN assessed with vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

CN VIII CNIII CN IV CN VI

46
Q

What are the CN assessed with jaw tone?

A

CN V

47
Q

What are the CN assessed with swallowing reflex?

A

CN IX CN X

48
Q
A
48
Q

What are the CN assessed with tongue symmetry?

A

CN XII

49
Q

What are the CN?

A

1: olfactory
2: optic
3: Oculomotor
4: trochlear
5: trigeminal
6: abducent
7: facial
8: vestibulocochlear
9: glossopharyngeal
10: vagus
11: accessory
12: hypoglossal

One Of Our Three Tigers Acts For Very Gross Vegans After Hours

50
Q

How can we assess vision?

A

dim light vs normal
moving in unfamiliar environments
obstacle course
visual placing
menace response
cotton test/tracking
laser (cats)

51
Q

What is important to consider with the mence response?

A

learnt response
absent in first 10-12w. for dogs and cats

absent in stressed, obtunded or disoriented ptx

52
Q
A

Neurology (20 decks)

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