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Neurology > Farm animal Neuro > Flashcards

Farm animal Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What should we ask in the Hx of farm animal neuro?

A

who is affected (age, signalment)
how many affected
onset sudden vs gradual
other CS? systemic dz with neuro signs?
tx attempted and effective?
epidemiological hx?
management hx?

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2
Q

What do we observe in a farm animal neuro exam?

A

head carriage
facial symmetry
stance
posture
gait
interaction with other animals
reaction to stimuli

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3
Q

What are potential clinical signs of cerebral problems in FA?

A

dullness
depression
hyperaesthesia
opisthotonus
blindness (intact plr)
compulsive walking/circling
contralateral proprioceptive defects

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4
Q

What are potential clinical signs of cerebellar problems in FA?

A

loss of fine motor control
tremor
ataxia
dysdiadochokinesis
loss of menace reflex

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5
Q

What are the potential clinical signs of brainstem problems in FA?

A

signs dependent on which cranial nerve affected
RAS (dullness)
pyramidal system (ipsilateral weakness, contralateral extensor thrust)

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6
Q

What are the potential clinical signs of hypothalamic problems in FA?

A

blindess
loss of accomodation
hyperaesthesia
aggression
disorientation
changes in appetite
thermoregulation

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7
Q

How can we localise lesions in the spinal cord?

A

proprioceptive responses: paper slide, hopping
withdrawal responses
panniculus reflex
perineal reflex
myotatic reflexes: patellar, ECR, gastrocnemius, triceps

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8
Q

What does a blood stained CSF indicate?

A

recent haemorrhage or artefactual due to iatrogenic damage of vessels within spinal canal

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9
Q

What does a xanthochromic appearance of CSF indicate?

A

yellow/orange discoloration is indicative of past haemorrhage
haemosiderophages may be seen among cells

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10
Q

What does frothy appearance of CSF indicate?

A

protein content is increased

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11
Q

What does turbidity of CSF indicate?

A

cell count much higher than normal

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial meningoencephalitis?

A

most frequent in neonates
dullness
altered mentation
odd vocalisations
gait change
head pressing
blindness
lateral recumbency
opisthotonos
convulsions
death

signs of septicaemia
signs of bacteraemia

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13
Q

What is the tx for bacterial meningoencephalitis?

A

antibiosis
anti-inflammatories
good supportive care

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14
Q

What is the prognosis and prevention for bacterial meningoencephalitis?

A

prognosis: poor
prevention: identify cause and correct problem

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of lead poisoning?

A

from lead paint or discarded batteries

blindness
dullness
frenzy
bellowing
aggression
muscle fasciculations of head and neck
abnormal movements of head and eyes
staggering gait
convulsions
death

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16
Q

How do we dx and tx lead poisoning?

A

dx: blood/kidney tissue lead levels, can’t wait on diagnosis = tx on suspicion

IV calcium sodium edetate: precipitates lead and causes excretion

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17
Q

What is cerebrocortical necrosis CCN/ polioencephalomacia PEM?

A

disease of brain swelling in cattle sheep goats camelids
caused by shift of ruminal flora from thiaminogenic to thiaminolytic
due to too much concentrate feed, lush pasture, recent worming

6-12 week old lambs most at risk

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of CCN/PEM?

A

early: blind, isolated, wander aimlessly, star gazing, dark green scour

later: pregress within 24h to seizures and death if untreated

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19
Q

How does CCN/PEM cause swelling of the brain?

A

decrease in ruminal pH
increases thiaminase producing bacteria in rumen
less thiamine (B1) available
affects glycolysis and kreb cycle
swelling and flattening of cerebral gyri

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20
Q

What are the post-mortem signs of CCN/PEM?

A

gyri pale and swollen
fluorescence under UV

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21
Q

What is the tx and prognosis for CCN/PEM?

A

tx: thiamine, plus corticosteroid?
prognosis: appetite resumes within 24h, vision takes longer to recover. if caused by sulphur poisoning won’t respond to tx

22
Q

What causes focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?

A

when sheep and goats are partially immune to cl. perfringens type D

dz of brain swelling

23
Q

What causes oedema disease in the brain in pigs?

A

enterotoxigenic e. coli

24
Q

How can salt or water poisoning cause brain swelling disease?

A

over consumption of salt or high temps or water deprivation
followed by sudden access to water
++ swelling

25
Q

How does thermal injury cause brain swelling disease? What are the CS?

A

thermal damage from goat kid disbudding due to too hot, too long or too much pressure
primary: direct thermal damage
secondary: bacterial infection

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of scrapie?

A

notifiable prion cerebellar disease

separation from flock
depression
hyperexcitability
head tremor
low head carriage
pruritis
nibble response to back stimuli
weight loss
cud droppinh
absent menace
ataxia
paresis
quadriplegia

27
Q

What causes middle ear infection/otitis media and what are the clinical symptoms?

A

pasteurella ssp., strep spp, t. pyogenes, mycoplasma bovis

vestibular system affected
unilateral head tilt towards lesion
horizontal nystagmus
recumbency
facial paralysis

28
Q

How do we treat middle ear infection/otitis media in cattle sheep goats pigs?

A

antibiotics + NSAIDs

29
Q

What are the causes and clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

many: lead poisoning, acute babesiosis (cattle), mycotoxicosis (pigs), ragwort poisoning

mid brain affected
blindness
aggression
tremors
dullness
head pressing

30
Q

How do we treat hepatic encephalopathy?

A

if known cause then treat vs that
supportive steroids and B vitamins
often guarded prognosis

31
Q

What is the cause and clinical signs of basilar empyema?

A

abscessation around the pituitary gland (thought to be bacteraemic spread) mostly in cattle

mid brain affected
depression
anorexia
ataxia
head pressing
multiple cranial n. deficit

32
Q

What is the tx for basilar empyema?

A

prolonged ABs
poor prognosis

33
Q

How does listeriosis affect the nervous system in FA?

A

l. monocytogenes in poorly made/spoiled silage
retrograde up the trigeminal nerves and affects brainstem unilaterally by causing focal microabscessation

34
Q

What are the neuro clinical signs in listeriosis?

A

many different presentation
focal microabscessation on brainstem

facial paralysis
vestibular signs
tongue paralysis
unilateral limb weakness
dullness

often young adults with erupting teeth

35
Q

What is the tx and prognosis for listeriosis?

A

tx: corticosteroid, penicillin, supportive care

prognosis: poorer in goats. if animal still ambulatory = moderate

36
Q

What is atlanto-occipital septic arthritis?

A

spinal cord injury in 1-2 week old lambs

low head carriage, bent forelimb gait, tetraplegia becoming tetraparesis

37
Q

What is the tx for atlanto occipital septic arthritis?

A

corticosteroid and penicillin

38
Q

What is compressive cervical myeloencephalopathy?

A

mainly in texel and beltec rams
spinal cord injury

ataxia
toe scuffing
tetraparesis progressing to tetraplegia

no tx, don’t breed from affected sheep

39
Q

What is delayed swayback?

A

spinal cord injury du to copper deficiency of ewe when lamb in utero

40
Q

What are the clinical signs, tx and prevention for delayed swayback?

A

CS: delayed faulty myelination to progressive ascending demyelination, HL weakness and ataxia progressing to paralysis

tx: copper supplementation
prevention: identify if deficiency is present and supplement

41
Q

What is CAE and Maedi visna?

A

spinal cord injury in 1-4mo goat kids or adult sheep
progressive ascending paralysis
no tx

SRLV, prevent by eliminating virus from herd/flock

42
Q

What is vertebral body osteomyelitis/spinal abscess?

A

spinal cord injury in 6-12w lambs, growing pigs

often indicate thoracolumbar lesion in sheep and cattle, sacral/lumbar lesion in pigs

sudden onset HL paralysis or weakness
tail biting in pigs

43
Q

What is the tx, prognosis and prevention for vertebral body osteomyelitis?

A

tx: none if complete paralysis/euthanase, if paresis can try ABs

guarded to hopeless

prevention: stop tail biting, avoid causes of bacteraemia

44
Q

What is the tx and prognosis for spinal cord injury due to physical trauma?

A

if ataxia and weakness only can try anti-inflammatories and rest

if paresis: moderate
if paralysis: very poor, euthanise

45
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of tetanus in the spinal cord?

A

stiffness especially HL
recumbency
tetanic convulsions
hyperaesthesia
hyperreflexia
opisthotonus
third eyelid flicks across
raised tail heads
startled expression

46
Q

What is the tx, prognosis and prevention for tetanus?

A

tx: ABs/high dose penicillin, tetanus anti-toxin if available, sedation, dark/quiet

prognosis: poor and very poor if not standing

prevention: vaccination, prevent wounds, care at castration

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of peripheral nerve injuries?

A

sudden onset, suggestive hx

flaccid paralysis
depressed/absent reflexes, absent/reduced sensation

48
Q

What is the tx and prognosis for peripheral nerve injuries?

A

anti-inflammatories, rest, physiotherapy

most will recover but depends on degree of injury

49
Q

What are the peripheral nerves that can be affected in HL of FA?

A

sciatic
pudendal
obturator
femoral
tibial
peroneal

50
Q

What are the 6 notifiable neuro diseases?

A

scrapie: sheep and goats, prion
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: cattle, prion
chronic wasting disease: deer, prion
classical swine fever: pigs, virus
aujesky’s dz: pigs, virus
teschen disease: pigs, virus
rabies: all mammals, virus

51
Q

What are the 4 main questions to a FA neuro consult?

A

is it neuro vs neuro manifestation of systemic disease?
systemic = tx that

is it peripheral or central?
peripheral = anti-infl. and time

if central is it spinal?
if spinal and fully paralysed: euth.

if central and in brain but don’t know what?
corticosteroid, double dose penicillin and thiamine, good supportive care

52
Q
A

Neurology (20 decks)

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