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Farm animal Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What should we ask in the Hx of farm animal neuro?

A

who is affected (age, signalment)
how many affected
onset sudden vs gradual
other CS? systemic dz with neuro signs?
tx attempted and effective?
epidemiological hx?
management hx?

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2
Q

What do we observe in a farm animal neuro exam?

A

head carriage
facial symmetry
stance
posture
gait
interaction with other animals
reaction to stimuli

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3
Q

What are potential clinical signs of cerebral problems in FA?

A

dullness
depression
hyperaesthesia
opisthotonus
blindness (intact plr)
compulsive walking/circling
contralateral proprioceptive defects

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4
Q

What are potential clinical signs of cerebellar problems in FA?

A

loss of fine motor control
tremor
ataxia
dysdiadochokinesis
loss of menace reflex

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5
Q

What are the potential clinical signs of brainstem problems in FA?

A

signs dependent on which cranial nerve affected
RAS (dullness)
pyramidal system (ipsilateral weakness, contralateral extensor thrust)

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6
Q

What are the potential clinical signs of hypothalamic problems in FA?

A

blindess
loss of accomodation
hyperaesthesia
aggression
disorientation
changes in appetite
thermoregulation

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7
Q

How can we localise lesions in the spinal cord?

A

proprioceptive responses: paper slide, hopping
withdrawal responses
panniculus reflex
perineal reflex
myotatic reflexes: patellar, ECR, gastrocnemius, triceps

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8
Q

What does a blood stained CSF indicate?

A

recent haemorrhage or artefactual due to iatrogenic damage of vessels within spinal canal

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9
Q

What does a xanthochromic appearance of CSF indicate?

A

yellow/orange discoloration is indicative of past haemorrhage
haemosiderophages may be seen among cells

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10
Q

What does frothy appearance of CSF indicate?

A

protein content is increased

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11
Q

What does turbidity of CSF indicate?

A

cell count much higher than normal

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial meningoencephalitis?

A

most frequent in neonates
dullness
altered mentation
odd vocalisations
gait change
head pressing
blindness
lateral recumbency
opisthotonos
convulsions
death

signs of septicaemia
signs of bacteraemia

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13
Q

What is the tx for bacterial meningoencephalitis?

A

antibiosis
anti-inflammatories
good supportive care

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14
Q

What is the prognosis and prevention for bacterial meningoencephalitis?

A

prognosis: poor
prevention: identify cause and correct problem

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of lead poisoning?

A

from lead paint or discarded batteries

blindness
dullness
frenzy
bellowing
aggression
muscle fasciculations of head and neck
abnormal movements of head and eyes
staggering gait
convulsions
death

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16
Q

How do we dx and tx lead poisoning?

A

dx: blood/kidney tissue lead levels, can’t wait on diagnosis = tx on suspicion

IV calcium sodium edetate: precipitates lead and causes excretion

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17
Q

What is cerebrocortical necrosis CCN/ polioencephalomacia PEM?

A

disease of brain swelling in cattle sheep goats camelids
caused by shift of ruminal flora from thiaminogenic to thiaminolytic
due to too much concentrate feed, lush pasture, recent worming

6-12 week old lambs most at risk

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of CCN/PEM?

A

early: blind, isolated, wander aimlessly, star gazing, dark green scour

later: pregress within 24h to seizures and death if untreated

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19
Q

How does CCN/PEM cause swelling of the brain?

A

decrease in ruminal pH
increases thiaminase producing bacteria in rumen
less thiamine (B1) available
affects glycolysis and kreb cycle
swelling and flattening of cerebral gyri

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20
Q

What are the post-mortem signs of CCN/PEM?

A

gyri pale and swollen
fluorescence under UV

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21
Q

What is the tx and prognosis for CCN/PEM?

A

tx: thiamine, plus corticosteroid?
prognosis: appetite resumes within 24h, vision takes longer to recover. if caused by sulphur poisoning won’t respond to tx

22
Q

What causes focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?

A

when sheep and goats are partially immune to cl. perfringens type D

dz of brain swelling

23
Q

What causes oedema disease in the brain in pigs?

A

enterotoxigenic e. coli

24
Q

How can salt or water poisoning cause brain swelling disease?

A

over consumption of salt or high temps or water deprivation
followed by sudden access to water
++ swelling

25
How does thermal injury cause brain swelling disease? What are the CS?
thermal damage from goat kid disbudding due to too hot, too long or too much pressure primary: direct thermal damage secondary: bacterial infection
26
What are the clinical signs of scrapie?
notifiable prion cerebellar disease separation from flock depression hyperexcitability head tremor low head carriage pruritis nibble response to back stimuli weight loss cud droppinh absent menace ataxia paresis quadriplegia
27
What causes middle ear infection/otitis media and what are the clinical symptoms?
pasteurella ssp., strep spp, t. pyogenes, mycoplasma bovis vestibular system affected unilateral head tilt towards lesion horizontal nystagmus recumbency facial paralysis
28
How do we treat middle ear infection/otitis media in cattle sheep goats pigs?
antibiotics + NSAIDs
29
What are the causes and clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy?
many: lead poisoning, acute babesiosis (cattle), mycotoxicosis (pigs), ragwort poisoning mid brain affected blindness aggression tremors dullness head pressing
30
How do we treat hepatic encephalopathy?
if known cause then treat vs that supportive steroids and B vitamins often guarded prognosis
31
What is the cause and clinical signs of basilar empyema?
abscessation around the pituitary gland (thought to be bacteraemic spread) mostly in cattle mid brain affected depression anorexia ataxia head pressing multiple cranial n. deficit
32
What is the tx for basilar empyema?
prolonged ABs poor prognosis
33
How does listeriosis affect the nervous system in FA?
l. monocytogenes in poorly made/spoiled silage retrograde up the trigeminal nerves and affects brainstem unilaterally by causing focal microabscessation
34
What are the neuro clinical signs in listeriosis?
many different presentation focal microabscessation on brainstem facial paralysis vestibular signs tongue paralysis unilateral limb weakness dullness often young adults with erupting teeth
35
What is the tx and prognosis for listeriosis?
tx: corticosteroid, penicillin, supportive care prognosis: poorer in goats. if animal still ambulatory = moderate
36
What is atlanto-occipital septic arthritis?
spinal cord injury in 1-2 week old lambs low head carriage, bent forelimb gait, tetraplegia becoming tetraparesis
37
What is the tx for atlanto occipital septic arthritis?
corticosteroid and penicillin
38
What is compressive cervical myeloencephalopathy?
mainly in texel and beltec rams spinal cord injury ataxia toe scuffing tetraparesis progressing to tetraplegia no tx, don't breed from affected sheep
39
What is delayed swayback?
spinal cord injury du to copper deficiency of ewe when lamb in utero
40
What are the clinical signs, tx and prevention for delayed swayback?
CS: delayed faulty myelination to progressive ascending demyelination, HL weakness and ataxia progressing to paralysis tx: copper supplementation prevention: identify if deficiency is present and supplement
41
What is CAE and Maedi visna?
spinal cord injury in 1-4mo goat kids or adult sheep progressive ascending paralysis no tx SRLV, prevent by eliminating virus from herd/flock
42
What is vertebral body osteomyelitis/spinal abscess?
spinal cord injury in 6-12w lambs, growing pigs often indicate thoracolumbar lesion in sheep and cattle, sacral/lumbar lesion in pigs sudden onset HL paralysis or weakness tail biting in pigs
43
What is the tx, prognosis and prevention for vertebral body osteomyelitis?
tx: none if complete paralysis/euthanase, if paresis can try ABs guarded to hopeless prevention: stop tail biting, avoid causes of bacteraemia
44
What is the tx and prognosis for spinal cord injury due to physical trauma?
if ataxia and weakness only can try anti-inflammatories and rest if paresis: moderate if paralysis: very poor, euthanise
45
What are the clinical symptoms of tetanus in the spinal cord?
stiffness especially HL recumbency tetanic convulsions hyperaesthesia hyperreflexia opisthotonus third eyelid flicks across raised tail heads startled expression
46
What is the tx, prognosis and prevention for tetanus?
tx: ABs/high dose penicillin, tetanus anti-toxin if available, sedation, dark/quiet prognosis: poor and very poor if not standing prevention: vaccination, prevent wounds, care at castration
47
What are the clinical signs of peripheral nerve injuries?
sudden onset, suggestive hx flaccid paralysis depressed/absent reflexes, absent/reduced sensation
48
What is the tx and prognosis for peripheral nerve injuries?
anti-inflammatories, rest, physiotherapy most will recover but depends on degree of injury
49
What are the peripheral nerves that can be affected in HL of FA?
sciatic pudendal obturator femoral tibial peroneal
50
What are the 6 notifiable neuro diseases?
scrapie: sheep and goats, prion bovine spongiform encephalopathy: cattle, prion chronic wasting disease: deer, prion classical swine fever: pigs, virus aujesky's dz: pigs, virus teschen disease: pigs, virus rabies: all mammals, virus
51
What are the 4 main questions to a FA neuro consult?
is it neuro vs neuro manifestation of systemic disease? systemic = tx that is it peripheral or central? peripheral = anti-infl. and time if central is it spinal? if spinal and fully paralysed: euth. if central and in brain but don't know what? corticosteroid, double dose penicillin and thiamine, good supportive care
52

Neurology (20 decks)

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