Neuro Exam 3 Review

Question 1

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 1

Lies on banks of calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe

• Cuneus (“wedge”)
• Lingula (“little tongue”)

Question 2

Cuneus, “wedge” (Primary Visual Cortex)

Answer 2

Portion of medial occipital lobe above calcarine fissure

Question 3

Lingula, “little tongue” (Primary Visual Cortex)

Answer 3

Portion of medial occipital lobe below calcarine fissure

Question 4

Upper portion of optic radiation projects to… (Primary Visual Cortex)

Answer 4

Superior bank of calcarine fissure

-Upper-bank lesions = contralateral inferior quadrant defects

Question 5

Lower portion of optic radiation projects to… (Primary Visual Cortex)

Answer 5

Inferior bank of calcarine fissure

-Lower-bank lesions = contralateral superior quadrant defects

Question 6

Midbrain

Answer 6

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, alertness, and temperature regulation

Question 7

Reticular Formation (midbrain)

Answer 7

Arousal and consciousness

Question 8

Substantia Nigra (midbrain)

Answer 8

Eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction (produces dopamine).

Question 9

Red Nucleus (midbrain)

Answer 9

Seen in Rostral Midbrain; controls basic body and limb movements

Question 10

Tectum

Answer 10

Auditory and visual reflexes; dorsal (ceiling) of midbrain closer to cerebellum

Question 11

Tegmentum

Answer 11

Blocks unwanted movement; ventral (floor) of midbrain closer to pons; houses the Reticular Formation

Question 12

Reticular Formation

Answer 12

Arousal and consciousness

Question 13

Cerebral Aquaduct

Answer 13

Separates the tectum and tegmentum, and is surrounded by periaqueductal grey
-Primary control center for descending pain info and threatening stimuli modulates pain

Question 14

Superior Colliculi (brainstem, midbrain)

Answer 14

Vision

Question 15

Inferior Colliculi (brainstem, midbrain)

Answer 15

Hearing/auditory

Question 16

Brainstem is composed of…

Answer 16

Midbrain: Tectum & tegmentum
Pons: Respiratory rhythm with medulla,, REM sleep)
Medulla Oblongata: Involuntary (autonomic functions) ex. vomiting, sneezing, etc (cardiovascular and respiratory regulation)
-Cranial Nerve Nuclei Long Tracts: Pass through
-Reticular Formation: Arousal, attention, sleep, awareness

Question 17

Rostral Midbrain

Answer 17

Question 18

Caudal Midbrain

Answer 18

Question 19

Rostral Pons

Answer 19

Question 20

Rostral Medulla

Answer 20

Question 21

Dorsolateral Pathway

Answer 21

• Projects to parietal-occipital association cortex

- The “where” information (motion and spatial analysis)

Question 22

Ventral pathway

Answer 22

• Projects to occipitotemporal association

- The “what” information (analyzing form, color, faces, letters)

Question 23

Visual Processing Pathways

Answer 23

Question 24

Don’t forget to draw your visual fields! If you stop at the eye then you will get confused.

Answer 24

• Lateral stay lateral

- Medial cross over at the optic chiasm

Question 25

CN III

Answer 25

- Moves eyes upward, downward, and medially - Innervates superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus - Disorder: ptosis (drooping), loss of pupillary reflex

Question 26

CN IV

Answer 26

- Moves eyes inward and downward - Innervates superior oblique - Disorder: unable to look downward & inward, eyes not aligned: might have double vision

Question 27

CN VI

Answer 27

- Abducts the eyes - Innervates lateral rectus - Disorder: cannot abduct eyes, may have medial squint

Question 28

CN VII- facial nerve

Answer 28

- Controls the muscles of facial expression - Taste sensation for anterior ⅔ of the tongue, lacrimation, and salivation - Disorder: ipsilateral paralysis or weakness of facial muscles (Bell’s Palsy)

Question 29

Ptosis: Horner’s Syndrome

Answer 29

Upper eyelid droops over eye

Question 30

Miosis (Horners Syndrome)

Answer 30

Excessive shrinking/constriction of pupiL

Question 31

Anhidrosis (Horners Syndrome)

Answer 31

Absence of sweating in face

Question 32

Enophthalmos (Horners Syndrome)

Answer 32

Sinking of eyeball into cavity that protects eye

Question 33

Scotoma Random Spot Lost

Answer 33

Damage to retina and is negative phenomena (loss of vision) | -Positive phenomena would be added to vision like double vision

Question 34

Hearing Tests (image)

Answer 34

Question 35

Hearing Tests (image 2)

Answer 35

Question 36

3 Semicircular Canals

Answer 36

Detect angular acceleration and rotational movement of head and space (detected by crista ampullaris sensory receptor)

Question 37

Cupula

Answer 37

Shifts opposite way from where we turn head (keeps the balance)

Question 38

Otoliths: Utricle vs Saccule

Answer 38

Both provide info about acceleration - Utricle more sensitive to horizontal acceleration (riding in car) - Saccule more sensitive to vertical acceleration (riding in elevator) UH SV

Question 39

Sensory receptor for otoliths- Macula

Answer 39

Within otoliths there are otoconia (crystals that when travel outside otoliths, someone can have BPPV)

Question 40

Reticular Formation

Answer 40

- Occupies anterior part of brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, and thalamus) - Responsible for promoting arousal and consciousness.

Question 41

Rostral Portion

Answer 41

-Regulates alertness and state of consciousness; (pontomesencephalic); Level of consciousness AAA in order -Alertness: brainstem and arousal circuits, -Attention: additional processing in frontoparietal association cortex -Awareness: subjective and personal experience

Question 42

Caudal Portion

Answer 42

- Motor, reflex, autonomic function - Motor tracks arise in brainstem; - Circulatory heart rate and blood pressure mediate by solitarius nucleus - Respiration under automatic control located in medulla-automatic and voluntary (lesion here-you die)

Question 43

Decorticate Positioning due to Brain Trauma

Answer 43

- Above rostral reticular formation; stiff with legs straight, fits clenched, arms bent and held at chest - Causes TBI, brain bleed or tumor, pathologies such as Reye syndrome, malaria, encephalitis - COR=arms brought to core

Question 44

Decerebrate Positioning due to Brain Trauma

Answer 44

Below reticular formation; pointed toes, backward tilt to head and neck -Lots of E’s=arms extended rather than flexed; worst of the two