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USAHS Neuroanatomy Test 3 > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral and caudal

A

Decorticate vs. decerebrate

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2
Q

Brainstem Image

A
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3
Q

Olfactory (CNI)

A 
Location
-O: Olfactory epithelium
-D: Telencephalon
Sensory/Motor
-Special Sense
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4
Q

Optic (CNII)

A 
Location
-O: Retina
-D: Optic Chiasm and Midbrain
Sensory/Motor
-Special Sense
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5
Q

Oculomotor (CNIII)

A 
Location:
-O: Ventral midbrain
-Muscles: Superior, medial, inferior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris, ciliary
Sensory/Motor:
-Somatic Sensory
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6
Q

Trigeminal (CNV)

A 
Location
-O: Pons
-D: Masticator muscles, Pons
Sensory/Motor
-Somatic Sensory, Branchial Motor
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7
Q

Abducens

A 
Location
-O: Pons
-D: Lateral Rectus
Sensory/Motor
-Somatic Motor
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8
Q

Facial (VII)

A

Location
-O: Pons
-D: Facial expression muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands, taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Sensory/Motor
-Branchial, Parasympathetic, Visceral (special), Somatic sensory

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9
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A 
Location
-O: Pons
-D: Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, and Thalmus
Sensory/Motor
-Special Somatic Sensory
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10
Q

Vagus (CNX)

A

Location
-O: Medulla
-D: Throat, Lungs, and Visceral
Sensory/Motor
-Branchial motor, Parasympathetic, Somatic Sensory, Visceral Sensory (special), Visceral Sesory
(Pharyngeal & Laryngeal Muscles; Parasympathetic to heart, lungs, and digestive tract to the splenic flexure; Sensation from pharynx, meninges, and a small region near the external auditory meatus, Taste from epiglottis and pharynx; Chemo and baroreceptors of the aortic arch)

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11
Q

Spinal Accessory (CNXI)

A 
Location
-O: Medulla, Spinal Cord
-D: Soft Palate, Throat and Neck Muscles
(Branchial Motor)
Sensory/Motor
-SCM and Upper Part of Trapezius Muscle
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12
Q

Hypoglossal (CNXII)

A 
Location
-O: Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
(Sensory/Motor
-Somatic Motor
-UMNL Neurons in PMC or internal capsule to corticobulbar tracts cause contralateral damage, while lesions to hypoglossal nucleus cause ipsilateral deviation to side of lesion
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13
Q

Olfactory Nerve Testing

A
  • Test one nostril at a time, vision occluded
  • Do not use noxious odors
  • Anosmia
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14
Q

Optic Nerve Testing

A

Retinal ganglion cells to LGN and then PVC

  • Ophthalmoscope
  • Visual acuity
  • Color vision
  • Visual fields
  • Visual extinction
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15
Q

Pupillary Responses (CNII and III) Testing

A
  • Direct response impaired:
  • Ipsilateral optic nerve, pretectal area, , impaired function of ciliary muscle, or parasympathetic function of III.
  • Consensual RESPONSE IMPAIRED IN LESION OF CONTRALATERAL OPTIC NERVE, PRETECTAL AREA PROBLEM CNIII
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16
Q

Trigeminal Nerve Testing (CNV)

A

General somatosensory

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17
Q

Facial Nerve (CNVII)

A

Sensory: Taste anterior 2/3 of
Motor: Muscles of facial tongue expression and stapedius muscle
Sensation near external auditory meatus

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18
Q

Facial Nerve Lesions (CN VII)

A

UMNL vs Facial nerve injury such as Bell’s Palsy

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19
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve Testing (CN VIII)

A
  • Hearing and vestibular sensation

- Test audition, Test protective extension, Romberg

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20
Q

CN VIII: Structure Summary

A

Three main types of information

  • Sound
  • Angular acceleration
  • Linear acceleration
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21
Q

Linear Acceleration

A

Macula (utricle and saccule) of otolith organ detects linear acceleration and head tilt and transmits to the vestibular nerve

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22
Q

Angular acceleration processed through

A

Ampulla of semicircular canals

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23
Q

Auditory Branch (CNVIII)

A
  • Sound waves enter through external auditory meatus travel to middle ear
  • Middle ear to cochlea
  • Hair cells to cochlear nerve
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24
Q

Glossopharyngeal Functions (CNIX)

A
  • Motor: Stylopharayngeus muscle
  • Sensation: Middle ear, near external auditory meatus (Pain, temp)
  • Taste: Posterior one-third of tongue; Chemo and baroreceptors of carotid body
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25
Vagus Functions (CN X)
- Motor: Pharyngeal muscles and laryngeal muscles - Parasympathetic: heart, lungs and digestive tract. - Sensation: pharynx meninges region near external auditory meatus - Taste: epiglottis and pharynx * *Chemo and baroreceptos of aortic arch
26
CN VI: Spinal Accessory
-Sternomastoid, Upper trap | Note: L sternomastoid turns head to R, vice versa
27
CN VI: Spinal Accessory
-Sternomastoid, Upper trap | Note: L sternomastoid turns head to R, vice versa
28
Central Sarcoma
29
Monocular Vision Loss
30
Bitemporal Hemianopia
31
Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopsia
32
Contralateral Superior Quadrantopia
33
Contralateral Inferior Quandrantopia
34
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
35
Meneri Disease
- Vertigo (build up of fluid) | - Rostral/Caudal Midbrain: Red Nucleus the edinger welt phal nucleus
36
3 Levels of Consciousness
Alert> Attention> Awareness
37
NE: Narcolepsy, ADD
Dopamine: Rewards and addiction; Parkinsons Serotonin: Depression, OCD, ED, Anxiety Ach: Alzheimers
38
NE: Alertness, Mood, Elevation (sleep-wake cycles)
Dopamine: Movement, Initiative, Working memory Serotonin: Alertness, mood, elevation, breathing control Ach: Alertness, memory, learning
39
Tectum
Corpora Quadrigema (dorsal: colliculi)
40
Tegmentum
Reticular formation, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle (ventral)
41
Olfactory
Chemoreceptors
42
Brainstem
Midbrain > Pons > Medulla
43
Rostral Limit (brainstem)
Brainstem meets thalamus/hypothalamus at tentorium cerebelli
44
Caudal Limit (brainstem)
At foramen magnum and pyramidal decussation
45
Tectum (brainstem)
- Superior and Inferior Colliculi - Auditory and visual reflexes; Dorsal of midbrain - Superior Colliculi: Vision - Inferior Colliculi: Hearing
46
Ventral Apsect (brainstem)
-Contains cerebral peduncles, pyramids, and tegmentum
47
CNIV (brainstem)
Exits dorsally from midbrain
48
First 2 CN (brainstem)
Don't emerge from brainstem
49
CN Exit Points
50
Olfactory N (CN Exit Points)
Cribiform plate
51
Optic N. (CN Exit Points)
Optic canal
52
Oculomotor, Trochlearm Abducens, Trigeminal (1) (CN Exit Points)
Superior Orbital Fissure
53
Trigeminal (2) (CN Exit Points)
Foramen Rotundum
54
Trigeminal (3) (CN Exit Points)
Foramen Ovale
55
Facial (CN Exit Points)
Stylomastoid Foramen
56
Vestibulocpchlear (CN Exit Points)
Internal Audtory Canal
57
Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory (CN Exit Points)
Internal Jugular Foramen
58
Tegmentum
Blocks unwanted movement, houses reticular formation (arousal & consciousness)
59
Cerebral Aqueduct
Separates tectum and tegmentum and surrounded by periaqueductal gray (primary control center for pain and threatening stimuli)
60
Overview
Midbrain: Tectum and Tegmentum Pons: Respiratory rythym w medulla, REM sleep Medulla Oblongata: Involuntary/autonomic functions (sneezing, heart, RR), CN, long tracts, RF (arousal, attention, sleep, awareness)
61
Primary Visual Cortex
BA: 17 2nd BA: 18 3rd BA: 19 -Lies on banks of calcarine fissure in occiptial lobe
62
Cuneus *wedge*
Portion of medial occipital lobe above calcarine fissure
63
Lengula *Little Tongue*
Portion of medial occipital lobe below calcarine fissure
64
Superior Optic Radiation>...
Superior Bank > Parietal Lobe
65
Inferior Optic Radiations (meyer loop)>...
Inferior bank > Temporal Lobe
66
Midbrain
Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake. alertness, temperature regulation -Tectum and Tegmentum
67
RF (midbrain)
Arousal and consciousness
68
Red Nucleus (midbrain)
Seen in rostral midbrain- Basic body and limb movements
69
Substantia Nigra (midbrain)
Eye movement, Motor planning, reward, addition, learning (produces dopamine)
70
Retinal Blood Supply (Blood Supply)
Opthlamic artery (central artery) emboli, stenosis, vasculitis
71
Right Central Artery (blood supply)
Superior Branch occlusion
72
Monocular Altitudinal Scotoina
73
Trandient Occulusion to Inferior or Superior Branch of Retinal Artery =Amaurosis Fungax = Browning out
Usually due to stenosis of inferior central artery (ipsi)
74
Superior MCA
Superior Optic Radiations passing time parietal lobe
75
Inferior MCA
Inferior optic radiation passing time temporal lobe
76
PCA
PVC
77
Visual Pathways
1. Photoreceptors 2. Bipolar 3. Ganglion 4. LGN of Thalmus 5. Optic Radiations 6. PVC (BA17)
78
Motion/Spacial Analysis
Parasol Cells > Mangocellular Layers > Dorsolateral Parietaloccipital Cortex
79
Form/Color
Parocellular Layer > Inferior Occipital Temporal Cortex
80
Dysarthia (CN Testing and Manifestation of Lesions)
5, 7, 9, 10, 12
81
Dysphagia (CN Testing and Manifestation of Lesions)
9, 10, 12
82
Vagus (CN Testing and Manifestation of Lesions)
40; Dyspnea, Dysphora, Dysphagia, Dysarthria
83
Horners Syndrome is caused by:
Brainstem stroke, inj. carotid a, trauma SC
84
Ptsosis (Horners Syndrome)
Upper eyelid droops over eye
85
Miosis (Horners Syndrome)
Excessive shrinking/constriction of pupil
86
Anhidrosis (Horners Syndrome)
Absence of sweating in face
87
Enophthalmos (Horners Syndrome)
Sinking of eyeball into cavity
88
Positive Phenomena
Adding, Hallucination, Double vision
89
Negative Phenomena
HH, Only visual loss
90
Vestibular Labryinthis (hearing)
Vestibular neuritis but w/ hearing loss
91
Webers (hearing)
- Sensorineural: Louder on unaffected side | - Conductive: Louder on affected side
92
Reticular Formation
Anterior/Ventral BS - Rostral Portion: Alertness and state of consciousness (alertness> attention> awareness) - Caudal Portion: Motor reflex, Autonomic functions, heart rate, BP, RR (lesions> death)
93
Vertebrobasillar Vascular Disease (BS Strokes)
Dizziness, diploplia, blurred vision, ataxia, occ frontal
94
Wallenburgs (BS Strokes)
IPFI Ataxia, Vertigo, nystagmus, Decrease pain and sensation dysphagia, Ipsilateral decreased taste
95
SCA (BS Strokes)
Ipsilateral Ataxia
96
Webers Syndrome
Ipsilateral CN3 Palsy
97
Locus Ceroleus
NE production (REM)
98
MCA Stem Infarct Causes
Contralateral HH

USAHS Neuroanatomy Test 3 (6 decks)

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