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USAHS Neuroanatomy Test 3 > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral and caudal

A

Decorticate vs. decerebrate

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2
Q

Brainstem Image

A
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3
Q

Olfactory (CNI)

A 
Location
-O: Olfactory epithelium
-D: Telencephalon
Sensory/Motor
-Special Sense
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4
Q

Optic (CNII)

A 
Location
-O: Retina
-D: Optic Chiasm and Midbrain
Sensory/Motor
-Special Sense
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5
Q

Oculomotor (CNIII)

A 
Location:
-O: Ventral midbrain
-Muscles: Superior, medial, inferior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris, ciliary
Sensory/Motor:
-Somatic Sensory
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6
Q

Trigeminal (CNV)

A 
Location
-O: Pons
-D: Masticator muscles, Pons
Sensory/Motor
-Somatic Sensory, Branchial Motor
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7
Q

Abducens

A 
Location
-O: Pons
-D: Lateral Rectus
Sensory/Motor
-Somatic Motor
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8
Q

Facial (VII)

A

Location
-O: Pons
-D: Facial expression muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands, taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Sensory/Motor
-Branchial, Parasympathetic, Visceral (special), Somatic sensory

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9
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A 
Location
-O: Pons
-D: Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, and Thalmus
Sensory/Motor
-Special Somatic Sensory
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10
Q

Vagus (CNX)

A

Location
-O: Medulla
-D: Throat, Lungs, and Visceral
Sensory/Motor
-Branchial motor, Parasympathetic, Somatic Sensory, Visceral Sensory (special), Visceral Sesory
(Pharyngeal & Laryngeal Muscles; Parasympathetic to heart, lungs, and digestive tract to the splenic flexure; Sensation from pharynx, meninges, and a small region near the external auditory meatus, Taste from epiglottis and pharynx; Chemo and baroreceptors of the aortic arch)

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11
Q

Spinal Accessory (CNXI)

A 
Location
-O: Medulla, Spinal Cord
-D: Soft Palate, Throat and Neck Muscles
(Branchial Motor)
Sensory/Motor
-SCM and Upper Part of Trapezius Muscle
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12
Q

Hypoglossal (CNXII)

A 
Location
-O: Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
(Sensory/Motor
-Somatic Motor
-UMNL Neurons in PMC or internal capsule to corticobulbar tracts cause contralateral damage, while lesions to hypoglossal nucleus cause ipsilateral deviation to side of lesion
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13
Q

Olfactory Nerve Testing

A
  • Test one nostril at a time, vision occluded
  • Do not use noxious odors
  • Anosmia
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14
Q

Optic Nerve Testing

A

Retinal ganglion cells to LGN and then PVC

  • Ophthalmoscope
  • Visual acuity
  • Color vision
  • Visual fields
  • Visual extinction
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15
Q

Pupillary Responses (CNII and III) Testing

A
  • Direct response impaired:
  • Ipsilateral optic nerve, pretectal area, , impaired function of ciliary muscle, or parasympathetic function of III.
  • Consensual RESPONSE IMPAIRED IN LESION OF CONTRALATERAL OPTIC NERVE, PRETECTAL AREA PROBLEM CNIII
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16
Q

Trigeminal Nerve Testing (CNV)

A

General somatosensory

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17
Q

Facial Nerve (CNVII)

A

Sensory: Taste anterior 2/3 of
Motor: Muscles of facial tongue expression and stapedius muscle
Sensation near external auditory meatus

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18
Q

Facial Nerve Lesions (CN VII)

A

UMNL vs Facial nerve injury such as Bell’s Palsy

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19
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve Testing (CN VIII)

A
  • Hearing and vestibular sensation

- Test audition, Test protective extension, Romberg

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20
Q

CN VIII: Structure Summary

A

Three main types of information

  • Sound
  • Angular acceleration
  • Linear acceleration
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21
Q

Linear Acceleration

A

Macula (utricle and saccule) of otolith organ detects linear acceleration and head tilt and transmits to the vestibular nerve

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22
Q

Angular acceleration processed through

A

Ampulla of semicircular canals

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23
Q

Auditory Branch (CNVIII)

A
  • Sound waves enter through external auditory meatus travel to middle ear
  • Middle ear to cochlea
  • Hair cells to cochlear nerve
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24
Q

Glossopharyngeal Functions (CNIX)

A
  • Motor: Stylopharayngeus muscle
  • Sensation: Middle ear, near external auditory meatus (Pain, temp)
  • Taste: Posterior one-third of tongue; Chemo and baroreceptors of carotid body
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25
Q

Vagus Functions (CN X)

A
  • Motor: Pharyngeal muscles and laryngeal muscles
  • Parasympathetic: heart, lungs and digestive tract.
  • Sensation: pharynx meninges region near external auditory meatus
  • Taste: epiglottis and pharynx
  • *Chemo and baroreceptos of aortic arch
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26
Q

CN VI: Spinal Accessory

A

-Sternomastoid, Upper trap

Note: L sternomastoid turns head to R, vice versa

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27
Q

CN VI: Spinal Accessory

A

-Sternomastoid, Upper trap

Note: L sternomastoid turns head to R, vice versa

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28
Q
A

Central Sarcoma

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29
Q
A

Monocular Vision Loss

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30
Q
A

Bitemporal Hemianopia

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31
Q
A

Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopsia

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32
Q
A

Contralateral Superior Quadrantopia

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33
Q
A

Contralateral Inferior Quandrantopia

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34
Q
A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

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35
Q

Meneri Disease

A
  • Vertigo (build up of fluid)

- Rostral/Caudal Midbrain: Red Nucleus the edinger welt phal nucleus

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36
Q

3 Levels of Consciousness

A

Alert> Attention> Awareness

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37
Q

NE: Narcolepsy, ADD

A

Dopamine: Rewards and addiction; Parkinsons
Serotonin: Depression, OCD, ED, Anxiety
Ach: Alzheimers

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38
Q

NE: Alertness, Mood, Elevation (sleep-wake cycles)

A

Dopamine: Movement, Initiative, Working memory
Serotonin: Alertness, mood, elevation, breathing control
Ach: Alertness, memory, learning

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39
Q

Tectum

A

Corpora Quadrigema (dorsal: colliculi)

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40
Q

Tegmentum

A

Reticular formation, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle (ventral)

41
Q

Olfactory

A

Chemoreceptors

42
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain > Pons > Medulla

43
Q

Rostral Limit (brainstem)

A

Brainstem meets thalamus/hypothalamus at tentorium cerebelli

44
Q

Caudal Limit (brainstem)

A

At foramen magnum and pyramidal decussation

45
Q

Tectum (brainstem)

A
  • Superior and Inferior Colliculi
  • Auditory and visual reflexes; Dorsal of midbrain
  • Superior Colliculi: Vision
  • Inferior Colliculi: Hearing
46
Q

Ventral Apsect (brainstem)

A

-Contains cerebral peduncles, pyramids, and tegmentum

47
Q

CNIV (brainstem)

A

Exits dorsally from midbrain

48
Q

First 2 CN (brainstem)

A

Don’t emerge from brainstem

49
Q

CN Exit Points

A
50
Q

Olfactory N (CN Exit Points)

A

Cribiform plate

51
Q

Optic N. (CN Exit Points)

A

Optic canal

52
Q

Oculomotor, Trochlearm Abducens, Trigeminal (1) (CN Exit Points)

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

53
Q

Trigeminal (2) (CN Exit Points)

A

Foramen Rotundum

54
Q

Trigeminal (3) (CN Exit Points)

A

Foramen Ovale

55
Q

Facial (CN Exit Points)

A

Stylomastoid Foramen

56
Q

Vestibulocpchlear (CN Exit Points)

A

Internal Audtory Canal

57
Q

Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory (CN Exit Points)

A

Internal Jugular Foramen

58
Q

Tegmentum

A

Blocks unwanted movement, houses reticular formation (arousal & consciousness)

59
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Separates tectum and tegmentum and surrounded by periaqueductal gray (primary control center for pain and threatening stimuli)

60
Q

Overview

A

Midbrain: Tectum and Tegmentum
Pons: Respiratory rythym w medulla, REM sleep
Medulla Oblongata: Involuntary/autonomic functions (sneezing, heart, RR), CN, long tracts, RF (arousal, attention, sleep, awareness)

61
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

BA: 17
2nd BA: 18
3rd BA: 19
-Lies on banks of calcarine fissure in occiptial lobe

62
Q

Cuneus wedge

A

Portion of medial occipital lobe above calcarine fissure

63
Q

Lengula Little Tongue

A

Portion of medial occipital lobe below calcarine fissure

64
Q

Superior Optic Radiation>…

A

Superior Bank > Parietal Lobe

65
Q

Inferior Optic Radiations (meyer loop)>…

A

Inferior bank > Temporal Lobe

66
Q

Midbrain

A

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake. alertness, temperature regulation
-Tectum and Tegmentum

67
Q

RF (midbrain)

A

Arousal and consciousness

68
Q

Red Nucleus (midbrain)

A

Seen in rostral midbrain- Basic body and limb movements

69
Q

Substantia Nigra (midbrain)

A

Eye movement, Motor planning, reward, addition, learning (produces dopamine)

70
Q

Retinal Blood Supply (Blood Supply)

A

Opthlamic artery (central artery) emboli, stenosis, vasculitis

71
Q

Right Central Artery (blood supply)

A

Superior Branch occlusion

72
Q
A

Monocular Altitudinal Scotoina

73
Q

Trandient Occulusion to Inferior or Superior Branch of Retinal Artery =Amaurosis Fungax = Browning out

A

Usually due to stenosis of inferior central artery (ipsi)

74
Q

Superior MCA

A

Superior Optic Radiations passing time parietal lobe

75
Q

Inferior MCA

A

Inferior optic radiation passing time temporal lobe

76
Q

PCA

A

PVC

77
Q

Visual Pathways

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar
  3. Ganglion
  4. LGN of Thalmus
  5. Optic Radiations
  6. PVC (BA17)
78
Q

Motion/Spacial Analysis

A

Parasol Cells > Mangocellular Layers > Dorsolateral Parietaloccipital Cortex

79
Q

Form/Color

A

Parocellular Layer > Inferior Occipital Temporal Cortex

80
Q

Dysarthia (CN Testing and Manifestation of Lesions)

A

5, 7, 9, 10, 12

81
Q

Dysphagia (CN Testing and Manifestation of Lesions)

A

9, 10, 12

82
Q

Vagus (CN Testing and Manifestation of Lesions)

A

40; Dyspnea, Dysphora, Dysphagia, Dysarthria

83
Q

Horners Syndrome is caused by:

A

Brainstem stroke, inj. carotid a, trauma SC

84
Q

Ptsosis (Horners Syndrome)

A

Upper eyelid droops over eye

85
Q

Miosis (Horners Syndrome)

A

Excessive shrinking/constriction of pupil

86
Q

Anhidrosis (Horners Syndrome)

A

Absence of sweating in face

87
Q

Enophthalmos (Horners Syndrome)

A

Sinking of eyeball into cavity

88
Q

Positive Phenomena

A

Adding, Hallucination, Double vision

89
Q

Negative Phenomena

A

HH, Only visual loss

90
Q

Vestibular Labryinthis (hearing)

A

Vestibular neuritis but w/ hearing loss

91
Q

Webers (hearing)

A
  • Sensorineural: Louder on unaffected side

- Conductive: Louder on affected side

92
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Anterior/Ventral BS

  • Rostral Portion: Alertness and state of consciousness (alertness> attention> awareness)
  • Caudal Portion: Motor reflex, Autonomic functions, heart rate, BP, RR (lesions> death)
93
Q

Vertebrobasillar Vascular Disease (BS Strokes)

A

Dizziness, diploplia, blurred vision, ataxia, occ frontal

94
Q

Wallenburgs (BS Strokes)

A

IPFI Ataxia, Vertigo, nystagmus, Decrease pain and sensation dysphagia, Ipsilateral decreased taste

95
Q

SCA (BS Strokes)

A

Ipsilateral Ataxia

96
Q

Webers Syndrome

A

Ipsilateral CN3 Palsy

97
Q

Locus Ceroleus

A

NE production (REM)

98
Q

MCA Stem Infarct Causes

A

Contralateral HH

USAHS Neuroanatomy Test 3 (6 decks)

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