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Abnormal Psychology > NEURO (ETIOLOGY, BRAIN FUNCTION) > Flashcards

NEURO (ETIOLOGY, BRAIN FUNCTION) Flashcards

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1
Q

relays motor and sensory information from various locations to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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2
Q

reverse disruption between ras and thalamus (disorder)

A

delirium

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3
Q

● regulate emotional experiences and expressions; ability to control our impulses

● involved with the basic drives of sex

A

limbic system

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4
Q

disorder associated with limbic system

A

-anxiety
-borderline pd

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5
Q

regulate hpa axis

A

hippocampus

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6
Q

Shrinkage of hippocampus

A

alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

What happens to hippocampus during extreme stress

A

shrinks

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8
Q

Why there is a damage in the hippocampus of those with PTSD

A

Because HPA axis is not regulated properly

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9
Q

it is involved in processing emotions, pain, and behavior regulation ; also helps to regulate autonomic motor
function

A

cingulate gyrus

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10
Q

increased activity in cingulate gyrus

A

OCD

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11
Q

fear and anxiety ; processing fearful and threatening stimuli; emotional responses

A

amygdala

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12
Q

larger and no/less activation in amygdala

A

Children with ASD

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13
Q

Disorders associated with amygdala

A

Anxiety disorders
Depression

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14
Q

Deficits in amygdala

A

Antisocial personality disorder

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15
Q

Increased activation in amygdala

A

borderline pd = emotion dysregulation

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16
Q

dopaminergic area of the brain

A

caudate nucleus

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17
Q

smaller caudate nucleus

A

ADHD

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18
Q

● outer surface of cerebrum; largest part of the forebrain
● distinct human qualities, look to the future, plan, reason, create

A

Cerebral cortex

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19
Q

where ventricles are located

A

Cerebral cortex

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20
Q

enlarged ventricles

A

Schizophrenia
Schizotypal PD

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21
Q

Shrinkage in the cerebral cortex

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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22
Q

Increased activity in cerebral cortex

A

OCD

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23
Q

largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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24
Q

Damage in left hemisphere

A

Schizotypal

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25
Q

● verbal and other cognitive abilities
● left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions: phonological awareness

A

Left hemisphere

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26
Q

perceiving the world around us and creating images

A

Right hemisphere

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27
Q

integrate sensory info; move our bodies through space and manipulate objs in our world

A

Parietal lobe

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28
Q

Less temporal lobe gray matter

A

Schizotypal PD

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29
Q

increased activity in frontal

A

OCD

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30
Q

less gray matter in the pfc

A

Psychopaths

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31
Q

smaller and deficits in the frontal lobe

A

ADHD

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32
Q

Less activity in the medial prefrontal cortex

A

Anxiety disorders

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33
Q
  • Disruption of the orbital
    frontal cortex’s role in inhibiting amygdala activation combined w/ changes in serotonin system
A

IED

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34
Q

Low activity levels and structural changes in the pfc (esp in the anterior cingulate cortex)

A

Borderline PD

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35
Q

● lower and more ancient part of the brain
● breathing, heart rate, body temp, sleep wake cycle ; automatic functions

A

Brainstem

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36
Q

abnormalities in cerebellum ; connection with motor coordination is not clear

A

Cerebellum

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37
Q

The Little brain

A

Cerebellum

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38
Q

deterioration of basal ganglia

A

huntington’s disease
parkinson’s

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39
Q

Those with _________ had greater activation in ventral striatum when viewing images of underweight individuals

A

Anorexia nervosa

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40
Q

Heightened HPA

A

Trauma disorders

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41
Q

Mechanism that mediates the effect of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system

A

HPA Axis

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42
Q

dysregulation/ overactivity of hpa axis is linked to

A

Depression

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43
Q

Some research suggests that diminished function of the __________ system could help explain the deficits in pleasure, motivation, and energy in major depressive disorder

A

Dopamine

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44
Q

dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in what disorder

A

Bipolar disorder

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45
Q

What neurotransmitter is both low in depression and mania

A

Serotonin

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46
Q

Among all of the mood disorders which is the most heritable?

A

Bipolar disorder

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47
Q

In what disorder is the amygdala elevated even without medication?

A

MDD

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48
Q

T or F?

Amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli in depression is just the aftermath of being depressed

A

FALSE

amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli in depression might be part of the vulnerability to depression rather than just the aftermath of being
depressed

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49
Q

High or low?

SUBGENUALANTERIOR CINGULATE in depression

A

Elevated

50
Q

T or F?

There is a decrease activity in anterior cingulate cortex with bipolar I disorder

A

F

There is an increase activity

51
Q

With ________: have deficits in membranes of their neuro, those with _________: do not have

A

Bipolar
MDD

52
Q

What are the three systems involved in emotion regulation and also in depression

A

SUBGENUAL ANTERIOR CINGULATE (elevated in depression)
HIPPOCAMPUS (diminished in both depression and bipolar)
DORSOLATERAL PFC (diminished in both depression and bipolar)

53
Q

Neuroticism predicts the onset of what disorder?

A

Depression

  • it is also associated with anxiety and PDD
54
Q

What theory says the depression is associated with negative triad?

A

Beck’s theory

55
Q

According to hopelessness theory, this is the most important trigger of depression

A

Hopelessness

56
Q

Mowrer’s two factor model

A

(1) classical conditioning - neutral stimulus becomes conditioned if paired with an aversive
stimulus

(2) operant conditioning - gains relief when aversive stimulus is avoided

57
Q

The structure that helps in regulating amygdala activity — _________, have less activity in people with anxiety disorders

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

58
Q

Strong predictor of social anxiety disorder

A

Behavioral inhibition

(infant’s tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with novel toys, people or other stimuli)

59
Q

In what disorder wherein there is a misfire of fear circuit and surge in SNS activity.

A

Panic disorder

60
Q

In what disorder where there is a high activity in the locus coeruleus?

A

Panic disorder

locus coeruleus (major source of norepinephrine > norepi has a major role in triggering the SNS)

61
Q

These are classically conditioned responses to situations that trigger anxiety or internal bodily sensations

A

Panic attacks

62
Q

agoraphobia is driven by negative thoughts about the consequences of experiencing anxiety in public

A

Fear of fear hypothesis

63
Q

Brain regions involved in OCD and BDD

A

Orbitofrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Anterior cingulate cortex

64
Q

In what disorder were in they seem to have deficit in yedasentience because they fail to gain internal sense of completion

A

OCD

Yedasentience (subjective feeling of knowing)

65
Q

They appear to focus on a details more than on the whole

A

Body dysmorphic disorder

66
Q

Neuroticism and negative affectivity predict the onset of what disorder

A

PTSD

67
Q

Initial fear in PTSD is assumed to arise from _______

A

Classical conditioning

68
Q

In PTSD, this conditioning contributes to the maintenance of the avoidance behavior

A

Operant conditioning

69
Q

True or false?

Trauma caused by humans are more likely to cause PTSD than natural disasters

A

Through the fire

70
Q

True or false?

Those with PTSD have larger hippocampal volume

A

False - smaller hippocampal volume

71
Q

According to cognitive perspective, ________ disorders involve unusual ways of responding to stress

A

Dissociative disorders

72
Q

True or false?

In the face of severe trauma, memories may be stored in such a way that they are not accessible to awareness later when the person has returned to a more normal state

A

Through the fire

Dissociative disorders

73
Q

What are the two major theories of DID?

A

Post-traumatic model and social cognitive model

74
Q

According to this model, some people are a particularly likely to use dissociation to cope with trauma

A

Post-traumatic model

75
Q

According to this model, DID is a result of learning to enact roles

A

Social cognitive model

76
Q

DID could be created within therapy

A

Iatrogenic

77
Q

True or false?

Alters do not share memories

A

False - Alters share memories, even when they report amnesia

even though different alters report being unable to share memories, they actually do share memories

78
Q

Therapists who are most likely to diagnose DID tend to use ______

A

Hypnosis (to urge clients to try to unbury unremembered abuse experiences, or to name different alters)

79
Q

True or false?

Current evidence indicates that schizophrenia is a genetically homogeneous

A

False

Schizophrenia is genetically heterogeneous (genetic factors vary from case to case)

80
Q

Which symptoms of schizophrenia may have a stronger genetic component?

A

Negative symptoms

81
Q

Type of study that begins with one or two biological parents with schizophrenia and follows their offspring longitudinally in order to identify how many of these children may develop schizophrenia and what types of childhood neurobiological and behavioral factors may predict the disorder’s onset

A

Familial high risk studies

82
Q

children of a parent (mother or father) with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were six times more likely to develop schizophrenia
spectrum disorder by age 40 than children without a parent with schizophrenia

A

New England study

83
Q

poor concentration, poor verbal ability, lack of motor control and coordination, earlier interpersonal problem predicted schizophrenia spectrum outcomes

A

Israel study

84
Q

Genes associated with schizophrenia

A

DTNBP1 (chromosome 6) and NGR1 (chromosome 8)

85
Q

Excess of dopamine results in what symptoms in schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms (antipsychotic medicines lessons positive symptoms but not negative symptoms)

86
Q

Low levels of glutamate have been found in the CSF of people with ______

A

Schizophrenia

87
Q

What illicit drug can induce both a positive and negative symptoms in people with or without schizophrenia

A

PCP

88
Q

Reasons why the probable onset of schizophrenia symptoms is in adolescence

A

○ PFC typically matures during these time ○ Dopamine activity also peaks during adolescence
○ loss of synapses due to excessive pruning
■ Since excessive pruning would result in loss of necessary communication among neurons
○ elimination of synaptic connections
○ Useof cannabis (marijuana) which actually worsens the symptoms

89
Q

According to these hypothesis, stressful social conditions, such as living in impoverished circumstances, or major contributors to and a causal agents of schizophrenia

A

Sociogenic hypothesis

90
Q

Posits that mental illness can inhibit socioeconomic attainment and lead people to drift into the lower social class or never escape poverty

A

Social selection/drift hypothesis

Schizophrenia

91
Q

Relapse or higher if the patient with schizophrenia goes home with his or her family with high __________

A

Expressed emotions (EE): critical comments, hostility, emotional overinvolvement

92
Q

Nearly all drugs, including alcohol stimulate what system in the brain

A

Dopamine systems

93
Q

Dopamine system link to pleasure or liking become super sensitive not just to the direct effects of drugs but also to the cues associated with drugs like needles, spoons, and rolling paper

A

Incentive sensitization theory

94
Q

True or false?

In smoking, it may not be nicotine that lessens negative affect but the sensory aspects of smoking

A

True

95
Q

Alcohol in pairs cognitive processing and narrows attention to the most immediately available cues

A

Alcohol myopia

96
Q

________ -most used ; ________ - second most used

A

Alcohol; marijuana

97
Q

These are released during starvation and may play a role in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

A

Opioids

98
Q

Antidepressants used for those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are known to increase ______ activity

A

Serotonin

99
Q

They have smaller caudate nucleus, smaller and have deficits in the frontal lobe

A

ADHD

100
Q

Feingold (1973) proposed that _______ and __________ in foods upset the central nervous systems of children who were hyperactive, and he prescribed a diet free of them

A

additives; artificial colors

101
Q

Blood levels of lead were associated with both deficits in cognitive control and with the hyperactivity symptoms of ______

A

ADHD

102
Q

Heritable or may not be heritable?

Aggressive behavior
Delinquent behavior

A

Heritable
May not be heritable

103
Q

Being maltreated was linked to later antisocial behavior only via _____

A

Genetics

104
Q

Metabolizes a number of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

A

MAOA

105
Q

Which cluster of personality disorder appears to be highly heritable

A

Cluster A

106
Q

Low Serotonin + High Norepinephrine

A

Manic Episode

107
Q

Elevated amygdala is associated with what disorder

A

Major depressive disorder

108
Q

Active substantia nigra is associated with what disorder

A

Schizophrenia

109
Q

It plays an important role in regulating emotion, and degeneration in this area correlates with depressed mood and anhedonia

A

subgenual anterior cingulate cortex

110
Q
  • elevated levels of amygdala
  • less active medial prefrontal cortex (this helps regulate amygdala activity)
  • poor functioning serotonin system
  • higher than normal levels of norepinephrine
  • poor GABA function
A

higher risk for anxiety disorders

111
Q

Fear of fear hypothesis

A

Agoraphobia

112
Q

He decided introspection was headed in the wrong direction and developed behavioral psychology.

A

John B. Watson (Father of Behaviorism)

113
Q

While fear could be learned or classically conditioned, fear could also be unlearned or extinguished (counter conditioning)

A

Mary Cover Jones (Mother of Behavior Therapy)

114
Q

individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish

A

Joseph Wolpe (Systematic Desensitization)

115
Q

developed the REBT

A

Albert Ellis

116
Q

brain regions involved in OCD are:

A

orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex.

117
Q

Hyperactivity of the _________ cortex impairs goal-directed behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

dorsal anterior cingulate

118
Q
  • Greater activation of amygdala
  • Diminished activity of Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Smaller Hippocampal volume
A

PTSD

119
Q
  • Greater activation of amygdala
  • Diminished activity of Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Smaller Hippocampal volume
A

PTSD

120
Q

This technique involves having the client vividly imagine the traumatic event in a controlled and safe environment, which helps them process and reduce the distress associated with the memory.

A

Imaginal Exposure

Abnormal Psychology (8 decks)

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