NEURO (ETIOLOGY, BRAIN FUNCTION) Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
relays motor and sensory information from various locations to the cerebral cortex
A
thalamus
2
Q
reverse disruption between ras and thalamus (disorder)
A
delirium
3
Q
● regulate emotional experiences and expressions; ability to control our impulses
● involved with the basic drives of sex
A
limbic system
4
Q
disorder associated with limbic system
A
-anxiety
-borderline pd
5
Q
regulate hpa axis
A
hippocampus
6
Q
Shrinkage of hippocampus
A
alzheimer’s disease
7
Q
What happens to hippocampus during extreme stress
A
shrinks
8
Q
Why there is a damage in the hippocampus of those with PTSD
A
Because HPA axis is not regulated properly
9
Q
it is involved in processing emotions, pain, and behavior regulation ; also helps to regulate autonomic motor
function
A
cingulate gyrus
10
Q
increased activity in cingulate gyrus
A
OCD
11
Q
fear and anxiety ; processing fearful and threatening stimuli; emotional responses
A
amygdala
12
Q
larger and no/less activation in amygdala
A
Children with ASD
13
Q
Disorders associated with amygdala
A
Anxiety disorders
Depression
14
Q
Deficits in amygdala
A
Antisocial personality disorder
15
Q
Increased activation in amygdala
A
borderline pd = emotion dysregulation
16
Q
dopaminergic area of the brain
A
caudate nucleus
17
Q
smaller caudate nucleus
A
ADHD
18
Q
● outer surface of cerebrum; largest part of the forebrain
● distinct human qualities, look to the future, plan, reason, create
A
Cerebral cortex
19
Q
where ventricles are located
A
Cerebral cortex
20
Q
enlarged ventricles
A
Schizophrenia
Schizotypal PD
21
Q
Shrinkage in the cerebral cortex
A
Alzheimer’s disease
22
Q
Increased activity in cerebral cortex
A
OCD
23
Q
largest part of the brain
A
Cerebrum
24
Q
Damage in left hemisphere
A
Schizotypal
25
● verbal and other cognitive abilities
● left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions: phonological awareness
Left hemisphere
26
perceiving the world around us and creating images
Right hemisphere
27
integrate sensory info; move our bodies through space and manipulate objs in our world
Parietal lobe
28
Less temporal lobe gray matter
Schizotypal PD
29
increased activity in frontal
OCD
30
less gray matter in the pfc
Psychopaths
31
smaller and deficits in the frontal lobe
ADHD
32
Less activity in the medial prefrontal cortex
Anxiety disorders
33
- Disruption of the orbital
frontal cortex’s role in inhibiting amygdala activation combined w/ changes in serotonin system
IED
34
Low activity levels and structural changes in the pfc (esp in the anterior cingulate cortex)
Borderline PD
35
● lower and more ancient part of the brain
● breathing, heart rate, body temp, sleep wake cycle ; automatic functions
Brainstem
36
abnormalities in cerebellum ; connection with motor coordination is not clear
Cerebellum
37
The Little brain
Cerebellum
38
deterioration of basal ganglia
huntington’s disease
parkinson's
39
Those with _________ had greater activation in ventral striatum when viewing images of underweight individuals
Anorexia nervosa
40
Heightened HPA
Trauma disorders
41
Mechanism that mediates the effect of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system
HPA Axis
42
dysregulation/ overactivity of hpa axis is linked to
Depression
43
Some research suggests that diminished function of the __________ system could help explain the deficits in pleasure, motivation, and energy in major depressive disorder
Dopamine
44
dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in what disorder
Bipolar disorder
45
What neurotransmitter is both low in depression and mania
Serotonin
46
Among all of the mood disorders which is the most heritable?
Bipolar disorder
47
In what disorder is the amygdala elevated even without medication?
MDD
48
T or F?
Amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli in depression is just the aftermath of being depressed
FALSE
amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli in depression might be part of the vulnerability to depression rather than just the aftermath of being
depressed
49
High or low?
SUBGENUALANTERIOR CINGULATE in depression
Elevated
50
T or F?
There is a decrease activity in anterior cingulate cortex with bipolar I disorder
F
There is an increase activity
51
With ________: have deficits in membranes of their neuro, those with _________: do not have
Bipolar
MDD
52
What are the three systems involved in emotion regulation and also in depression
SUBGENUAL ANTERIOR CINGULATE (elevated in depression)
HIPPOCAMPUS (diminished in both depression and bipolar)
DORSOLATERAL PFC (diminished in both depression and bipolar)
53
Neuroticism predicts the onset of what disorder?
Depression
- it is also associated with anxiety and PDD
54
What theory says the depression is associated with negative triad?
Beck's theory
55
According to hopelessness theory, this is the most important trigger of depression
Hopelessness
56
Mowrer’s two factor model
(1) classical conditioning - neutral stimulus becomes conditioned if paired with an aversive
stimulus
(2) operant conditioning - gains relief when aversive stimulus is avoided
57
The structure that helps in regulating amygdala activity — _________, have less activity in people with anxiety disorders
Medial prefrontal cortex
58
Strong predictor of social anxiety disorder
Behavioral inhibition
(infant’s tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with novel toys, people or other stimuli)
59
In what disorder wherein there is a misfire of fear circuit and surge in SNS activity.
Panic disorder
60
In what disorder where there is a high activity in the locus coeruleus?
Panic disorder
locus coeruleus (major source of norepinephrine > norepi has a major role in triggering the SNS)
61
These are classically conditioned responses to situations that trigger anxiety or internal bodily sensations
Panic attacks
62
agoraphobia is driven by negative thoughts about the consequences of experiencing anxiety in public
Fear of fear hypothesis
63
Brain regions involved in OCD and BDD
Orbitofrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Anterior cingulate cortex
64
In what disorder were in they seem to have deficit in yedasentience because they fail to gain internal sense of completion
OCD
Yedasentience (subjective feeling of knowing)
65
They appear to focus on a details more than on the whole
Body dysmorphic disorder
66
Neuroticism and negative affectivity predict the onset of what disorder
PTSD
67
Initial fear in PTSD is assumed to arise from _______
Classical conditioning
68
In PTSD, this conditioning contributes to the maintenance of the avoidance behavior
Operant conditioning
69
True or false?
Trauma caused by humans are more likely to cause PTSD than natural disasters
Through the fire
70
True or false?
Those with PTSD have larger hippocampal volume
False - smaller hippocampal volume
71
According to cognitive perspective, ________ disorders involve unusual ways of responding to stress
Dissociative disorders
72
True or false?
In the face of severe trauma, memories may be stored in such a way that they are not accessible to awareness later when the person has returned to a more normal state
Through the fire
Dissociative disorders
73
What are the two major theories of DID?
Post-traumatic model and social cognitive model
74
According to this model, some people are a particularly likely to use dissociation to cope with trauma
Post-traumatic model
75
According to this model, DID is a result of learning to enact roles
Social cognitive model
76
DID could be created within therapy
Iatrogenic
77
True or false?
Alters do not share memories
False - Alters share memories, even when they report amnesia
even though different alters report being unable to share memories, they actually do share memories
78
Therapists who are most likely to diagnose DID tend to use ______
Hypnosis (to urge clients to try to unbury unremembered abuse experiences, or to name different alters)
79
True or false?
Current evidence indicates that schizophrenia is a genetically homogeneous
False
Schizophrenia is genetically heterogeneous (genetic factors vary from case to case)
80
Which symptoms of schizophrenia may have a stronger genetic component?
Negative symptoms
81
Type of study that begins with one or two biological parents with schizophrenia and follows their offspring longitudinally in order to identify how many of these children may develop schizophrenia and what types of childhood neurobiological and behavioral factors may predict the disorder’s onset
Familial high risk studies
82
children of a parent (mother or father) with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were six times more likely to develop schizophrenia
spectrum disorder by age 40 than children without a parent with schizophrenia
New England study
83
poor concentration, poor verbal ability, lack of motor control and coordination, earlier interpersonal problem predicted schizophrenia spectrum outcomes
Israel study
84
Genes associated with schizophrenia
DTNBP1 (chromosome 6) and NGR1 (chromosome 8)
85
Excess of dopamine results in what symptoms in schizophrenia
Positive symptoms (antipsychotic medicines lessons positive symptoms but not negative symptoms)
86
Low levels of glutamate have been found in the CSF of people with ______
Schizophrenia
87
What illicit drug can induce both a positive and negative symptoms in people with or without schizophrenia
PCP
88
Reasons why the probable onset of schizophrenia symptoms is in adolescence
○ PFC typically matures during these time ○ Dopamine activity also peaks during adolescence
○ loss of synapses due to excessive pruning
■ Since excessive pruning would result in loss of necessary communication among neurons
○ elimination of synaptic connections
○ Useof cannabis (marijuana) which actually worsens the symptoms
89
According to these hypothesis, stressful social conditions, such as living in impoverished circumstances, or major contributors to and a causal agents of schizophrenia
Sociogenic hypothesis
90
Posits that mental illness can inhibit socioeconomic attainment and lead people to drift into the lower social class or never escape poverty
Social selection/drift hypothesis
Schizophrenia
91
Relapse or higher if the patient with schizophrenia goes home with his or her family with high __________
Expressed emotions (EE): critical comments, hostility, emotional overinvolvement
92
Nearly all drugs, including alcohol stimulate what system in the brain
Dopamine systems
93
Dopamine system link to pleasure or liking become super sensitive not just to the direct effects of drugs but also to the cues associated with drugs like needles, spoons, and rolling paper
Incentive sensitization theory
94
True or false?
In smoking, it may not be nicotine that lessens negative affect but the sensory aspects of smoking
True
95
Alcohol in pairs cognitive processing and narrows attention to the most immediately available cues
Alcohol myopia
96
________ -most used ; ________ - second most used
Alcohol; marijuana
97
These are released during starvation and may play a role in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Opioids
98
Antidepressants used for those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are known to increase ______ activity
Serotonin
99
They have smaller caudate nucleus, smaller and have deficits in the frontal lobe
ADHD
100
Feingold (1973) proposed that _______ and __________ in foods upset the central nervous systems of children who were hyperactive, and he prescribed a diet free of them
additives; artificial colors
101
Blood levels of lead were associated with both deficits in cognitive control and with the hyperactivity symptoms of ______
ADHD
102
Heritable or may not be heritable?
Aggressive behavior
Delinquent behavior
Heritable
May not be heritable
103
Being maltreated was linked to later antisocial behavior only via _____
Genetics
104
Metabolizes a number of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
MAOA
105
Which cluster of personality disorder appears to be highly heritable
Cluster A
106
Low Serotonin + High Norepinephrine
Manic Episode
107
Elevated amygdala is associated with what disorder
Major depressive disorder
108
Active substantia nigra is associated with what disorder
Schizophrenia
109
It plays an important role in regulating emotion, and degeneration in this area correlates with depressed mood and anhedonia
subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
110
- elevated levels of amygdala
- less active medial prefrontal cortex (this helps regulate amygdala activity)
- poor functioning serotonin system
- higher than normal levels of norepinephrine
- poor GABA function
higher risk for anxiety disorders
111
Fear of fear hypothesis
Agoraphobia
112
He decided introspection was headed in the wrong direction and developed behavioral psychology.
John B. Watson (Father of Behaviorism)
113
While fear could be learned or classically conditioned, fear could also be unlearned or extinguished (counter conditioning)
Mary Cover Jones (Mother of Behavior Therapy)
114
individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish
Joseph Wolpe (Systematic Desensitization)
115
developed the REBT
Albert Ellis
116
brain regions involved in OCD are:
orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex.
117
Hyperactivity of the _________ cortex impairs goal-directed behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder
dorsal anterior cingulate
118
- Greater activation of amygdala
- Diminished activity of Medial Prefrontal Cortex
- Smaller Hippocampal volume
PTSD
119
- Greater activation of amygdala
- Diminished activity of Medial Prefrontal Cortex
- Smaller Hippocampal volume
PTSD
120
This technique involves having the client vividly imagine the traumatic event in a controlled and safe environment, which helps them process and reduce the distress associated with the memory.
Imaginal Exposure
