NEURO (ETIOLOGY, BRAIN FUNCTION) Flashcards
relays motor and sensory information from various locations to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
reverse disruption between ras and thalamus (disorder)
delirium
● regulate emotional experiences and expressions; ability to control our impulses
● involved with the basic drives of sex
limbic system
disorder associated with limbic system
-anxiety
-borderline pd
regulate hpa axis
hippocampus
Shrinkage of hippocampus
alzheimer’s disease
What happens to hippocampus during extreme stress
shrinks
Why there is a damage in the hippocampus of those with PTSD
Because HPA axis is not regulated properly
it is involved in processing emotions, pain, and behavior regulation ; also helps to regulate autonomic motor
function
cingulate gyrus
increased activity in cingulate gyrus
OCD
fear and anxiety ; processing fearful and threatening stimuli; emotional responses
amygdala
larger and no/less activation in amygdala
Children with ASD
Disorders associated with amygdala
Anxiety disorders
Depression
Deficits in amygdala
Antisocial personality disorder
Increased activation in amygdala
borderline pd = emotion dysregulation
dopaminergic area of the brain
caudate nucleus
smaller caudate nucleus
ADHD
● outer surface of cerebrum; largest part of the forebrain
● distinct human qualities, look to the future, plan, reason, create
Cerebral cortex
where ventricles are located
Cerebral cortex
enlarged ventricles
Schizophrenia
Schizotypal PD
Shrinkage in the cerebral cortex
Alzheimer’s disease
Increased activity in cerebral cortex
OCD
largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
Damage in left hemisphere
Schizotypal
● verbal and other cognitive abilities
● left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions: phonological awareness
Left hemisphere
perceiving the world around us and creating images
Right hemisphere
integrate sensory info; move our bodies through space and manipulate objs in our world
Parietal lobe
Less temporal lobe gray matter
Schizotypal PD
increased activity in frontal
OCD
less gray matter in the pfc
Psychopaths
smaller and deficits in the frontal lobe
ADHD
Less activity in the medial prefrontal cortex
Anxiety disorders
- Disruption of the orbital
frontal cortex’s role in inhibiting amygdala activation combined w/ changes in serotonin system
IED
Low activity levels and structural changes in the pfc (esp in the anterior cingulate cortex)
Borderline PD
● lower and more ancient part of the brain
● breathing, heart rate, body temp, sleep wake cycle ; automatic functions
Brainstem
abnormalities in cerebellum ; connection with motor coordination is not clear
Cerebellum
The Little brain
Cerebellum
deterioration of basal ganglia
huntington’s disease
parkinson’s
Those with _________ had greater activation in ventral striatum when viewing images of underweight individuals
Anorexia nervosa
Heightened HPA
Trauma disorders
Mechanism that mediates the effect of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system
HPA Axis
dysregulation/ overactivity of hpa axis is linked to
Depression
Some research suggests that diminished function of the __________ system could help explain the deficits in pleasure, motivation, and energy in major depressive disorder
Dopamine
dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in what disorder
Bipolar disorder
What neurotransmitter is both low in depression and mania
Serotonin
Among all of the mood disorders which is the most heritable?
Bipolar disorder
In what disorder is the amygdala elevated even without medication?
MDD
T or F?
Amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli in depression is just the aftermath of being depressed
FALSE
amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli in depression might be part of the vulnerability to depression rather than just the aftermath of being
depressed
High or low?
SUBGENUALANTERIOR CINGULATE in depression
Elevated
T or F?
There is a decrease activity in anterior cingulate cortex with bipolar I disorder
F
There is an increase activity
With ________: have deficits in membranes of their neuro, those with _________: do not have
Bipolar
MDD
What are the three systems involved in emotion regulation and also in depression
SUBGENUAL ANTERIOR CINGULATE (elevated in depression)
HIPPOCAMPUS (diminished in both depression and bipolar)
DORSOLATERAL PFC (diminished in both depression and bipolar)
Neuroticism predicts the onset of what disorder?
Depression
- it is also associated with anxiety and PDD
What theory says the depression is associated with negative triad?
Beck’s theory
According to hopelessness theory, this is the most important trigger of depression
Hopelessness
Mowrer’s two factor model
(1) classical conditioning - neutral stimulus becomes conditioned if paired with an aversive
stimulus
(2) operant conditioning - gains relief when aversive stimulus is avoided
The structure that helps in regulating amygdala activity — _________, have less activity in people with anxiety disorders
Medial prefrontal cortex
Strong predictor of social anxiety disorder
Behavioral inhibition
(infant’s tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with novel toys, people or other stimuli)
In what disorder wherein there is a misfire of fear circuit and surge in SNS activity.
Panic disorder
In what disorder where there is a high activity in the locus coeruleus?
Panic disorder
locus coeruleus (major source of norepinephrine > norepi has a major role in triggering the SNS)
These are classically conditioned responses to situations that trigger anxiety or internal bodily sensations
Panic attacks
agoraphobia is driven by negative thoughts about the consequences of experiencing anxiety in public
Fear of fear hypothesis
Brain regions involved in OCD and BDD
Orbitofrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Anterior cingulate cortex
In what disorder were in they seem to have deficit in yedasentience because they fail to gain internal sense of completion
OCD
Yedasentience (subjective feeling of knowing)
They appear to focus on a details more than on the whole
Body dysmorphic disorder
Neuroticism and negative affectivity predict the onset of what disorder
PTSD
Initial fear in PTSD is assumed to arise from _______
Classical conditioning
In PTSD, this conditioning contributes to the maintenance of the avoidance behavior
Operant conditioning
True or false?
Trauma caused by humans are more likely to cause PTSD than natural disasters
Through the fire
True or false?
Those with PTSD have larger hippocampal volume
False - smaller hippocampal volume
According to cognitive perspective, ________ disorders involve unusual ways of responding to stress
Dissociative disorders
True or false?
In the face of severe trauma, memories may be stored in such a way that they are not accessible to awareness later when the person has returned to a more normal state
Through the fire
Dissociative disorders
What are the two major theories of DID?
Post-traumatic model and social cognitive model
According to this model, some people are a particularly likely to use dissociation to cope with trauma
Post-traumatic model
According to this model, DID is a result of learning to enact roles
Social cognitive model
DID could be created within therapy
Iatrogenic
True or false?
Alters do not share memories
False - Alters share memories, even when they report amnesia
even though different alters report being unable to share memories, they actually do share memories
Therapists who are most likely to diagnose DID tend to use ______
Hypnosis (to urge clients to try to unbury unremembered abuse experiences, or to name different alters)
True or false?
Current evidence indicates that schizophrenia is a genetically homogeneous
False
Schizophrenia is genetically heterogeneous (genetic factors vary from case to case)
Which symptoms of schizophrenia may have a stronger genetic component?
Negative symptoms
Type of study that begins with one or two biological parents with schizophrenia and follows their offspring longitudinally in order to identify how many of these children may develop schizophrenia and what types of childhood neurobiological and behavioral factors may predict the disorder’s onset
Familial high risk studies
children of a parent (mother or father) with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were six times more likely to develop schizophrenia
spectrum disorder by age 40 than children without a parent with schizophrenia
New England study
poor concentration, poor verbal ability, lack of motor control and coordination, earlier interpersonal problem predicted schizophrenia spectrum outcomes
Israel study
Genes associated with schizophrenia
DTNBP1 (chromosome 6) and NGR1 (chromosome 8)
Excess of dopamine results in what symptoms in schizophrenia
Positive symptoms (antipsychotic medicines lessons positive symptoms but not negative symptoms)
Low levels of glutamate have been found in the CSF of people with ______
Schizophrenia
What illicit drug can induce both a positive and negative symptoms in people with or without schizophrenia
PCP
Reasons why the probable onset of schizophrenia symptoms is in adolescence
○ PFC typically matures during these time ○ Dopamine activity also peaks during adolescence
○ loss of synapses due to excessive pruning
■ Since excessive pruning would result in loss of necessary communication among neurons
○ elimination of synaptic connections
○ Useof cannabis (marijuana) which actually worsens the symptoms
According to these hypothesis, stressful social conditions, such as living in impoverished circumstances, or major contributors to and a causal agents of schizophrenia
Sociogenic hypothesis
Posits that mental illness can inhibit socioeconomic attainment and lead people to drift into the lower social class or never escape poverty
Social selection/drift hypothesis
Schizophrenia
Relapse or higher if the patient with schizophrenia goes home with his or her family with high __________
Expressed emotions (EE): critical comments, hostility, emotional overinvolvement
Nearly all drugs, including alcohol stimulate what system in the brain
Dopamine systems
Dopamine system link to pleasure or liking become super sensitive not just to the direct effects of drugs but also to the cues associated with drugs like needles, spoons, and rolling paper
Incentive sensitization theory
True or false?
In smoking, it may not be nicotine that lessens negative affect but the sensory aspects of smoking
True
Alcohol in pairs cognitive processing and narrows attention to the most immediately available cues
Alcohol myopia
________ -most used ; ________ - second most used
Alcohol; marijuana
These are released during starvation and may play a role in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Opioids
Antidepressants used for those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are known to increase ______ activity
Serotonin
They have smaller caudate nucleus, smaller and have deficits in the frontal lobe
ADHD
Feingold (1973) proposed that _______ and __________ in foods upset the central nervous systems of children who were hyperactive, and he prescribed a diet free of them
additives; artificial colors
Blood levels of lead were associated with both deficits in cognitive control and with the hyperactivity symptoms of ______
ADHD
Heritable or may not be heritable?
Aggressive behavior
Delinquent behavior
Heritable
May not be heritable
Being maltreated was linked to later antisocial behavior only via _____
Genetics
Metabolizes a number of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
MAOA
Which cluster of personality disorder appears to be highly heritable
Cluster A
Low Serotonin + High Norepinephrine
Manic Episode
Elevated amygdala is associated with what disorder
Major depressive disorder
Active substantia nigra is associated with what disorder
Schizophrenia
It plays an important role in regulating emotion, and degeneration in this area correlates with depressed mood and anhedonia
subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
- elevated levels of amygdala
- less active medial prefrontal cortex (this helps regulate amygdala activity)
- poor functioning serotonin system
- higher than normal levels of norepinephrine
- poor GABA function
higher risk for anxiety disorders
Fear of fear hypothesis
Agoraphobia
He decided introspection was headed in the wrong direction and developed behavioral psychology.
John B. Watson (Father of Behaviorism)
While fear could be learned or classically conditioned, fear could also be unlearned or extinguished (counter conditioning)
Mary Cover Jones (Mother of Behavior Therapy)
individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish
Joseph Wolpe (Systematic Desensitization)
developed the REBT
Albert Ellis
brain regions involved in OCD are:
orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex.
Hyperactivity of the _________ cortex impairs goal-directed behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder
dorsal anterior cingulate
- Greater activation of amygdala
- Diminished activity of Medial Prefrontal Cortex
- Smaller Hippocampal volume
PTSD
- Greater activation of amygdala
- Diminished activity of Medial Prefrontal Cortex
- Smaller Hippocampal volume
PTSD
This technique involves having the client vividly imagine the traumatic event in a controlled and safe environment, which helps them process and reduce the distress associated with the memory.
Imaginal Exposure
