Neuro Essentials Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
What does each generally do?
Sympathetic Division (generally a stimulating response)
Parasympathetic Division (generally an inhibitory response)
Which nervous system controls conscious voluntary motor movements?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the Limbic system in charge of for bodily function?
control and expression of mood, processing, memory, appetite, and olfaction
lesions can produce aggression, fearlessness, alterations in motivation and other behaviors
What are the components of the forebrain?
telencephalon (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus)
How is white matter and gray matter organized in the cerebrum?
gray matter on the surface and white matter interiorly
What are the responsibilities of the left side of the brain?
understanding language sequencing of movements producing written and spoken language expression of positive emotions ability to be analytical, controlled, and logical
What are the responsibilities of the right side of the brain?
nonverbal processing artistic expression comprehension of general concepts spatial relationships kinesthetic awareness mathematical reasoning body image awareness
What are the responsibilities of the frontal lobe of the brain?
intellect orientation voluntary movement Broca's area executive function
What are the responsibilities of the parietal lobe of the brain?
receives information associated with touch
kinesthesia
vibration
What are the responsibilities of the temporal lobe of the brain?
auditory processing
Wernicke’s area
production of meaningful speech
What are the responsibilities of the occipital lobe of the brain?
visual processing
judgement of distance
vision in three dimensions
What is the function of the midbrain?
serves as a relay area, connecting the forebrain to the hindbrain
also a reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses
What is the role of the cerebellum?
What is the role of the pons and the medulla?
cerebellum: coordinates movement and assists with maintenance of balance
pons and medulla: assist with control of the body’s vital functions
What is the difference between A fibers, B fibers, and C fibers for peripheral nerves?
A fibers are large and myelinated with a high conduction speed
B fibers are medium and myelinated with a moderate speed
C fibers are small and unmyelinated or poorly myelinated with a slow speed
What are the superficial sensations?
What are the deep sensations?
What are the cortical sensations?
Superficial: light touch, temperature, and pain
Deep: kinesthesia, proprioception, and vibration
Cortical: localization of touch, bilateral simultaneous stimulation, two-point discrimination, stereognosis, and barognosis
What is the difference between neurapraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis?
All forms of acute nerve injury
Neurapraxia- mildest form of injury with axons preserved and recovery rapid and complete
Axonotmesis- more severe injury with reversible damage, potential for spontaneous recovery
Neurotmesis- most severe damage, axon and myelin are damaged, irreversible injury with no chance for spontaneous recovery, surgery may allow for some recovery
What are the characteristics of upper motor neuron vs. lower motor neuron lesions?
Upper: hyperactive reflexes, mild atrophy, and increased tone
Lower: hypoactive or absent reflexes, atrophy, fasciculations, and decreased tone
What is the Vestibuloocular reflex (VOR)?
What is the Vestibulospinal Reflex (VSR)?
VOR: supports gaze stabilization through eye movement that counters movements of the head
VSR: attempts to stabilize the body while the head is moving in order to manage upright posture
What is the flexor synergy pattern for the upper extremities?
What is the extensor synergy pattern?
Flexor: scapular elevation and retraction, shoulder abduction and lateral rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist flexion, and finger/thumb flexion and adduction
Extensor: scapular depression and protraction; shoulder adduction and IR; elbow extension; forearm pronation; wrist extension; and finger and thumb flexion and adduction
What is the flexor synergy pattern for the lower extremities?
What is the extensor synergy pattern?
Flexor: hip abduction and ER; knee flexion; ankle dorsiflexion with supination; and toe extension
Extensor: hip extension, IR, and adduction; knee extension; ankle plantar flexion with inversion; and toe flexion and adduction
What are the characteristics of a Left Hemisphere CVA?
- weakness/paralysis of the right side
- increased frustration
- decreased processing
- possible aphasia (expressive, receptive, global, etc.)
- possible dysphagia
- possible motor apraxia
- decreased discrimination between left and right
- right hemianopsia
What are the characteristics of a Right Hemisphere CVA?
- weakness/paralysis of the left side
- decreased attention span
- left hemianopsia
- decreased awareness and judgment
- memory deficits
- left inattention
- decreased abstract reasoning
- emotional lability
- impulsive behavior
- decreased spinal orientation
What are the characteristics of a Brainstem CVA?
- unstable vital signs
- decreased consciousness
- decreased ability to swallow
- weakness on both sides of the body
- paralysis on both sides of the body
What are the characteristics of a Cerebellum CVA?
- decreased balance
- ataxia
- decreased coordination
- nausea
- decrease ability for postural adjustment
- nystagmus
