Neuro: embryo, A&P random memorization

Question 1

What day are the neural crest cells formed?

Answer 1

Day 21

Question 2

What’s the embryologic origin of Schwann cells?

Answer 2

NCCs

Question 3

What’s the embryologic origin of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 3

Neuroectoderm

Question 4

You’ve already found increased AFP. Increased levels of what other enzyme in amniotic fluid help confirm a neural tube defect?

Answer 4

Fetal AChE

Question 5

What’s it called when meninges and spinal cord both herniate through a spinal canal defect?

Answer 5

Meningomyelocele

Question 6

What maternal auto-immune condition is associated with anencephaly?

Answer 6

DM 1

Question 7

Mutations in what signaling pathway are thought to be related to holoprosencephaly?

Answer 7

Sonic hedgehog

Question 8

What structure transmits input to the cerebellum from the contralateral cortex?

Answer 8

Middle cerebellar peduncles

Question 9

Which structure transmits ipsilateral proprioceptive info from the spinal cord to the cerebellum?

Answer 9

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Question 10

What are the output nerves of the cerebellum?

Answer 10

Purkinje cells

Question 11

Cerebellar purkinje cells signal the deep cerebellar nuclei, which then transmit info to the contralat cortex via what structures?

Answer 11

Superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 12

Lateral cerebellar lesion: do you fall toward or away from the injured side?

Answer 12

Toward

Question 13

Anterior limb of internal capsule: what 2 nuclei does it run btwn?

Answer 13

Caudate and lentiform

Question 14

What’s the blood supply to the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 14

ACA: medial striate branches
MCA: lateral striate branches

Question 15

The genu of the internal capsule contains what fibers?

Answer 15

Corticonucleate

Question 16

What’s the blood supply to the genu of the internal capsule?

Answer 16

ICA: direct branches

Anterior choroidal a: pallidal brnaches

Question 17

What 2 structures does the posterior limb of the internal capsule run btwn?

Answer 17

Thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Question 18

What’s the blood supply of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 18

Anterior choroidal a

MCA: lateral striate branches

Question 19

In PD, what are Lewy bodies made of?

Answer 19

Alpha-synuclein

Question 20

Exposure to what drug has been linked to Parkinson’s dz (albeit a rare link)?

Answer 20

MTMP

Question 21

An intention tremor can signal dysfunction of what part of the brain?

Answer 21

Cerebellum

Question 22

What is a blepharospasm?

Answer 22

Sustained eyelid twitch (a type of dystonia)

Question 23

Kluver-Bucy syndrome has been linked to what type of viral encephalitis?

Answer 23

HSV-1

Question 24

A lesion of what general area can cause spatial neglect syndrome?

Answer 24

Right parietal-temporal cortex

Question 25

Someone has agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and L-R disorientation. What's the name for this syndrome?

Answer 25

Gerstmann syndrome

Question 26

Gerstmann syndrome is seen with lesions in what general area of the brain?

Answer 26

Left parietal-temporal cortex

Question 27

Lesion of what area causes hemiballismus? Is it ipsilat or contralat?

Answer 27

Subthalamic nucleus; contralateral

Question 28

What is it called when you can't make new memories?

Answer 28

Anterograde amnesia

Question 29

PPRF lesion: do eyes look toward side of lesion or away?

Answer 29

Away from side of lesion

Question 30

Frontal eye fields lesion: do eyes look toward side of lesion or away?

Answer 30

Toward side of lesion

Question 31

Which hypothalamic nucleus drives sleep?

Answer 31

SCN

Question 32

SCN releases a neurotransmitter that stimulates the pineal gland to release melanin. What is this neurotransmitter?

Answer 32

NE

Question 33

How does duration of REM change throughout the night?

Answer 33

Increases

Question 34

DOC for bedwetting?

Answer 34

DDAVP

Question 35

How do you treat night terrors and sleepwalking?

Answer 35

Don't sleep. Sleep is for bitches and PT students. JK... BNZs

Question 36

EtOH, BNZs, and barbiturates decrease what two types of sleep?

Answer 36

Delta wave and RREM

Question 37

Which EEG wave has the highest freq and lowest amplitude? What two (physiologic) times is it seen?

Answer 37

Beta waves; REM sleep and when you're awake with your eyes open

Question 38

When do you see alpha waves on EEG?

Answer 38

Awake with eyes closed

Question 39

What's the shortest stage of sleep?

Answer 39

N1

Question 40

WTF is bruxism and what sleep stage does it occur during?

Answer 40

Teeth grinding; N2

Question 41

When do you see sleep spindles and K complexes

Answer 41

Stage N2

Question 42

What stage do sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur?

Answer 42

Stage N3

Question 43

What waveforms are on the EEG in stage N3 sleep?

Answer 43

Delta

Question 44

What's the most important neurotransmitter in REM sleep induction?

Answer 44

ACh

Question 45

What does the OVLT sense?

Answer 45

Changes in osmolarity

Question 46

How can infarction or neoplasm lead to cerebral vasogenic edema?

Answer 46

They destroy BBB endothelial cell tight junctions

Question 47

Which part of a nerve invests single nerve fiber layers?

Answer 47

Endoneurium

Question 48

Which part of a nerve surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers?

Answer 48

Perineurium

Question 49

What's the name of the dense CT surrounding an entire nerve (including fascicles + blood vessels)?

Answer 49

Epineurium

Question 50

What 2 muscles elevate the tongue?

Answer 50

Styloglossus | Palatoglossus

Question 51

What level do the vertebral AAs enter the spinal column, and through what foramina do they travel upward?

Answer 51

C6; transverse foramina

Question 52

What is a classic way that the vertebral arteries can be compressed in OA?

Answer 52

Osteophyes-->external compression as they travel through the transverse foramina

Question 53

What's a potentially lethal complication of rapid correction of hyponatremia?

Answer 53

Central pontine myelinolysis

Question 54

What's a potentially lethal complication of rapid correction of hypernatremia?

Answer 54

Cerebral edema +/- herniation

Question 55

How low does PO2 have to be before hypoxemia increases cerebral perfusion P?

Answer 55

<50 mmHg

Question 56

At what level of PCO2 does cerebral perfusion P stop being directly proportional to PCO2?

Answer 56

>90 mmHg

Question 57

What cells make the CSF?

Answer 57

Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

Question 58

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: what causes the apparent increase in CSF?

Answer 58

Decreased neural tissue

Question 59

What kind of shunting should you use in treatment of normal P hydrocephalus?

Answer 59

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting

Question 60

Vertebral disc herniation: what structure actually herniates through the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 60

Nucleus pulposus

Question 61

In adults, how far down does the spinal cord extend?

Answer 61

L1-L2 vertebrae

Question 62

In adults, how far down does the subarachnoid space extend?

Answer 62

Lower border of S2 vertebra

Question 63

25 y/o woman with scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus. Dx?

Answer 63

MS

Question 64

What mutation is seen in some familial cases of ALS?

Answer 64

SOD-1 mutation

Question 65

At what vertebral level does the artery of Adamkiewicz start supplying ASA territory?

Answer 65

Below T8

Question 66

What 2 sites does poliovirus replicate in before it spreads to blood?

Answer 66

Oropharynx and small intestine

Question 67

What inheritance pattern does Werdnig-Hoffman dz have?

Answer 67

AR

Question 68

What gene is disabled in Friedrich ataxia?

Answer 68

Frataxin

Question 69

What is the normal fxn of frataxin? What happens when it's impaired in FA?

Answer 69

It's essential for mitochondrial Fe regulation. Impairment-->Fe buildup--> FR damage

Question 70

Ant 2/3 of the tongue is formed by which pharyngeal arches?

Answer 70

1st and 2nd

Question 71

Post 1/3 of the tongue is formed by which pharyngeal arches?

Answer 71

3rd and 4th

Question 72

What are the tongue muscles derived from?

Answer 72

Occipital myotomes

Question 73

What structure separates the ant 2/3 from post 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 73

Terminal sulcus | *foramen cecum also would have been an acceptable answer as it lies at the midline in the terminal sulcus

Question 74

Ant 2/3 of tongue: taste and sensation from?

Answer 74

Taste: 7 Sensation: V3

Question 75

Post 1/3 of tongue: taste and sensation from?

Answer 75

CN 9

Question 76

Extreme posterior tongue: sensation from?

Answer 76

CN X