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Neuro R&M > Neuro: embryo, A&P random memorization > Flashcards

Neuro: embryo, A&P random memorization Flashcards

1
Q

What day are the neural crest cells formed?

A

Day 21

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2
Q

What’s the embryologic origin of Schwann cells?

A

NCCs

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3
Q

What’s the embryologic origin of oligodendrocytes?

A

Neuroectoderm

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4
Q

You’ve already found increased AFP. Increased levels of what other enzyme in amniotic fluid help confirm a neural tube defect?

A

Fetal AChE

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5
Q

What’s it called when meninges and spinal cord both herniate through a spinal canal defect?

A

Meningomyelocele

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6
Q

What maternal auto-immune condition is associated with anencephaly?

A

DM 1

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7
Q

Mutations in what signaling pathway are thought to be related to holoprosencephaly?

A

Sonic hedgehog

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8
Q

What structure transmits input to the cerebellum from the contralateral cortex?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

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9
Q

Which structure transmits ipsilateral proprioceptive info from the spinal cord to the cerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

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10
Q

What are the output nerves of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells

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11
Q

Cerebellar purkinje cells signal the deep cerebellar nuclei, which then transmit info to the contralat cortex via what structures?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

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12
Q

Lateral cerebellar lesion: do you fall toward or away from the injured side?

A

Toward

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13
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule: what 2 nuclei does it run btwn?

A

Caudate and lentiform

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14
Q

What’s the blood supply to the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

ACA: medial striate branches
MCA: lateral striate branches

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15
Q

The genu of the internal capsule contains what fibers?

A

Corticonucleate

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16
Q

What’s the blood supply to the genu of the internal capsule?

A

ICA: direct branches

Anterior choroidal a: pallidal brnaches

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17
Q

What 2 structures does the posterior limb of the internal capsule run btwn?

A

Thalamus and lentiform nucleus

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18
Q

What’s the blood supply of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Anterior choroidal a

MCA: lateral striate branches

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19
Q

In PD, what are Lewy bodies made of?

A

Alpha-synuclein

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20
Q

Exposure to what drug has been linked to Parkinson’s dz (albeit a rare link)?

A

MTMP

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21
Q

An intention tremor can signal dysfunction of what part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

What is a blepharospasm?

A

Sustained eyelid twitch (a type of dystonia)

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23
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome has been linked to what type of viral encephalitis?

A

HSV-1

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24
Q

A lesion of what general area can cause spatial neglect syndrome?

A

Right parietal-temporal cortex

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25
Q

Someone has agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and L-R disorientation. What’s the name for this syndrome?

A

Gerstmann syndrome

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26
Q

Gerstmann syndrome is seen with lesions in what general area of the brain?

A

Left parietal-temporal cortex

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27
Q

Lesion of what area causes hemiballismus? Is it ipsilat or contralat?

A

Subthalamic nucleus; contralateral

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28
Q

What is it called when you can’t make new memories?

A

Anterograde amnesia

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29
Q

PPRF lesion: do eyes look toward side of lesion or away?

A

Away from side of lesion

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30
Q

Frontal eye fields lesion: do eyes look toward side of lesion or away?

A

Toward side of lesion

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31
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus drives sleep?

A

SCN

32
Q

SCN releases a neurotransmitter that stimulates the pineal gland to release melanin. What is this neurotransmitter?

A

NE

33
Q

How does duration of REM change throughout the night?

A

Increases

34
Q

DOC for bedwetting?

A

DDAVP

35
Q

How do you treat night terrors and sleepwalking?

A

Don’t sleep. Sleep is for bitches and PT students. JK… BNZs

36
Q

EtOH, BNZs, and barbiturates decrease what two types of sleep?

A

Delta wave and RREM

37
Q

Which EEG wave has the highest freq and lowest amplitude? What two (physiologic) times is it seen?

A

Beta waves; REM sleep and when you’re awake with your eyes open

38
Q

When do you see alpha waves on EEG?

A

Awake with eyes closed

39
Q

What’s the shortest stage of sleep?

A

N1

40
Q

WTF is bruxism and what sleep stage does it occur during?

A

Teeth grinding; N2

41
Q

When do you see sleep spindles and K complexes

A

Stage N2

42
Q

What stage do sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur?

A

Stage N3

43
Q

What waveforms are on the EEG in stage N3 sleep?

A

Delta

44
Q

What’s the most important neurotransmitter in REM sleep induction?

A

ACh

45
Q

What does the OVLT sense?

A

Changes in osmolarity

46
Q

How can infarction or neoplasm lead to cerebral vasogenic edema?

A

They destroy BBB endothelial cell tight junctions

47
Q

Which part of a nerve invests single nerve fiber layers?

A

Endoneurium

48
Q

Which part of a nerve surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers?

A

Perineurium

49
Q

What’s the name of the dense CT surrounding an entire nerve (including fascicles + blood vessels)?

A

Epineurium

50
Q

What 2 muscles elevate the tongue?

A

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

51
Q

What level do the vertebral AAs enter the spinal column, and through what foramina do they travel upward?

A

C6; transverse foramina

52
Q

What is a classic way that the vertebral arteries can be compressed in OA?

A

Osteophyes–>external compression as they travel through the transverse foramina

53
Q

What’s a potentially lethal complication of rapid correction of hyponatremia?

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

54
Q

What’s a potentially lethal complication of rapid correction of hypernatremia?

A

Cerebral edema +/- herniation

55
Q

How low does PO2 have to be before hypoxemia increases cerebral perfusion P?

A

<50 mmHg

56
Q

At what level of PCO2 does cerebral perfusion P stop being directly proportional to PCO2?

A

> 90 mmHg

57
Q

What cells make the CSF?

A

Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

58
Q

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: what causes the apparent increase in CSF?

A

Decreased neural tissue

59
Q

What kind of shunting should you use in treatment of normal P hydrocephalus?

A

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting

60
Q

Vertebral disc herniation: what structure actually herniates through the annulus fibrosis?

A

Nucleus pulposus

61
Q

In adults, how far down does the spinal cord extend?

A

L1-L2 vertebrae

62
Q

In adults, how far down does the subarachnoid space extend?

A

Lower border of S2 vertebra

63
Q

25 y/o woman with scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus. Dx?

A

MS

64
Q

What mutation is seen in some familial cases of ALS?

A

SOD-1 mutation

65
Q

At what vertebral level does the artery of Adamkiewicz start supplying ASA territory?

A

Below T8

66
Q

What 2 sites does poliovirus replicate in before it spreads to blood?

A

Oropharynx and small intestine

67
Q

What inheritance pattern does Werdnig-Hoffman dz have?

A

AR

68
Q

What gene is disabled in Friedrich ataxia?

A

Frataxin

69
Q

What is the normal fxn of frataxin? What happens when it’s impaired in FA?

A

It’s essential for mitochondrial Fe regulation. Impairment–>Fe buildup–> FR damage

70
Q

Ant 2/3 of the tongue is formed by which pharyngeal arches?

A

1st and 2nd

71
Q

Post 1/3 of the tongue is formed by which pharyngeal arches?

A

3rd and 4th

72
Q

What are the tongue muscles derived from?

A

Occipital myotomes

73
Q

What structure separates the ant 2/3 from post 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Terminal sulcus

*foramen cecum also would have been an acceptable answer as it lies at the midline in the terminal sulcus

74
Q

Ant 2/3 of tongue: taste and sensation from?

A

Taste: 7
Sensation: V3

75
Q

Post 1/3 of tongue: taste and sensation from?

A

CN 9

76
Q

Extreme posterior tongue: sensation from?

A

CN X

Neuro R&M (10 decks)

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