Neuro Conditions Flashcards
Upper extremity shakes as target is approached, hand may overshoot target
Intention Tremor
Rapid alternating movements
Dysdiadochokinesia
finger-to-nose test
Dysmetria
Uneven phonation (production of vowel sounds) aka scanning or explosive speech
Dysathria
Lateral Hemisphere of cerebellum functions
Planning learned, skillful movements, those that become more precise and rapid with practice
Medial hemisphere of cerebellum functions
Adjusting limb movements
Vermis of cerebellum functions
postural adjustments
Disrupted lateral vestibulospinal tract function
Truncal ataxia
Anterior lobe lesion (alcoholics); cant walk without feet wide apart, staggering walk (even when sober)
Gait ataxia
Nystagmus; back and forth eye movements
Injury to vestibulocerebellum
- Bilateral temporal lobe injury, involves amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus
- Fearless, placid, no emotional reactions, don’t respond to threats from others, don’t flee from threats
- Males become hypersexual, indiscriminate with inanimate objects/different species
- Inordinate attention to all sensory stimuli, sniff and examine everything orally
- May pick up the same object repeatedly as they seem to recognize nothing (Visual Agnosia)
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
- Degeneration of striatum (caudate > putamen)
- Chorea, rigidity, cognitive disturbances
- Autosomal dominant, Trinucleotide repeat
- Age of onset is variable, most at about 50 years of age
Huntington’s Disease
- Dramatic movement disorder
- Limb movements are flailing, rotatory
- Often affect one side of body, may affect arm and leg to different degrees
- Most often in older patients
- Due to a cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke); branch of posterior cerebral artery
Hemiballismus
- Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity
- Age of onset about 60
- Substantia nigra compact part contain Lewy bodies
Parkinson’s Disease
What medication is used to treat Parkinson’s disease and how does it work?
Levodopa
- Precursor for dopamine
- Helpful but response can fluctuate of time and can induce involuntary movement
Surgical treatment for Parkinson’s
Pallidotomy and Thalamotomy * Lesion on GPi and VA/VL Deep Brain Stim *electrodes planted in the subthalamus Stem Cell Therapy
Transient attacks of vertigo, nausea, hearing loss, tinnitus
Ménière’s disease
*Back and forth eye movements with a rapid phase in one direction and a slow phase in the other
Nystagmus
* when Vestibuloocular Reflex(VOR) cant compensate for head movements
How does alcohol affect cupula’s sensitivity to gravity?
Alters the densities of cupula and endolymph making semicircular ducts sensitive to gravity
- As BAC increases, alcohol infiltrates capulae, this decreases density relative to endolymph, results in positional nystagmus
- As BAC decreases, alcohol leaves cupulae first, becomes more dense than endolymph, nystagmus evident in opposite direction
Inability to use language, lose the use of/or access to symbols humans use as concepts (i.e. words)
Aphasia
- Make few written or spoken words, get by with phrases (OK, And how)
- Very difficult to produce words
- All detail and meaning in sentences is lost
- Can comprehend language
- Often due to damage in Broca’s area
Nonfluent Aphasia (Broca’s Aphasia)
- Can write and speak, but words used and sequences of words used in sentences is incorrect
- Really little or no linguistic content
- Substitute one letter of word for another (paraphasia)
- Make up new words (neoligisms)
- Difficulty in language comprehension
- Often due to damage in Wernicke’s Area
Fluent Aphasia (Wernicke’s Aphasia)
Can’t convey authority, anger, etc. in speech
Motor Aprosody
Difficulty comprehending the emotional content of speech from others
Sensory Aprosody
Damage to unimodal areas (visual association cortex, auditory association areas, somatosensory)
Sensory specific agnosias
*Inability to recognize faces, perceive movement= visual agnosias
Right parietal lobe damage
- May deny something is wrong with left limb and can be convinced the left limb is someone else’s
- May ignore left half of body called contralateral neglect
Lack of action
Apraxias
- Left parietal lobe damage
- Can’t imitate examiner who touches finger to face and they cant but they can still scratch face if it itches (dumb ass)
Damage to this makes people impulsive, cant suppress inappropriate responses/emtions
Ventromedial portion of prefrontal cortex
- Can result from white matter damage
* Alexia without agraphia
Disconnection Syndromes
- Can write but unable to read
- Cannot read words even they wrote
Alexia without agraphia
Language areas on left isolated from all visual input
- Left visual cortex damaged by stroke and corpus callosum damaged
- Language areas intact so speech is unaffected
