NEURO: Anxiety Flashcards
What is anxiety?
Intermittent anxiety?
It’s a feeling of worry or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
normal response to certain events
Chronic anxiety
source of anxiety is irrational and causes day to day life problems:
- social disturbances
- incessant worry
- concentration/memory problems
What can be some causes of anxiety?
Past/Childhood Experiences
-e.g. social isolation
Everyday Life & Habits
-e.g. money problems/exams
Diet
-e.g. sugar, caffeine
Physical & Mental Health
-e.g. chronic conditions or depression can trigger/exacerbate anxiety
Drugs & Medication
-e.g. alcohol/recreational drugs (cannabis, cocaine)
Genetics
-only moderate
What are some symptoms of anxiety?
- nervous diarrhoea
- insomnia
- increased heart rate (tachycardia)
- increased respiratory rate
- dizziness
- headaches
- flush red
- sweating
- nausea
- pins and needles
What are the different anxiety disorders?
Classic Anxiety Disorders
- Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Specific phobias (e.g. agoraphobia)
- Social phobias (e.g. selective mutism)
- Panic disorder
Obsessive-compulsive (and related disorders)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
characterised by an ongoing state of excessive anxiety lacking clear reason or focus
To be diagnosed with GAD…
- Excessive anxiety and worry occur for at least six months, which is difficult to control and impairs the activity of daily living
- Associated with three or more (of six) symptoms
- GAD sufferers’ symptoms are likely to be different from another person’s experience with GAD
Define Specific Phobias
Give some examples of specific phobias.
extreme fears provoked by exposure to a particular situation - often leads to avoidance behaviours
Ø Agoraphobia: fear and avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed
Ø Acrophobia: fear of heights
Ø Ornithophobia: fear of birds
Ø Podophobia: fear of feet
Ø Nomophobia: fear of being detached from your phone
Ø Turophobia: fear of cheese
Ø Triskaidekaphobia: fear of number the 13
Ø Pogonophobia: fear of beards
Social phobias?
Example of social phobias
significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain types of social (e.g. social gatherings) or performance (e.g. public speaking) situations
Selective mutism
-severe anxiety disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social situations
Panic disorder
What are panic attacks?
recurring panic attacks, without a seemingly clear trigger
sudden feelings of overwhelming fear marked with somatic symptoms (e.g. sweating, chest pains)
Panic cycle
Individuals experience anxiety about the prospect of having more attacks, and this anxiety can trigger further panic attacks
What is OCD?
Features of OCD
characterised by compulsive, ritualistic behaviour driven by irrational anxiety
- Obsessions: recurrent, intrusive thoughts, images, ideas or impulses (e.g. cleanliness)
- Compulsions: repetitive behaviours or mental acts that are performed to reduce anxiety associated with the obsessions (e.g. washing hands multiple times after shaking hands with someone)
It becomes a problem when it becomes debilitating.
What is PTSD?
distress triggered by the recall of past traumatic experiences- can lead to flashbacks and nightmares
Pathophysiology of anxiety
inappropriate stress response either when a stressor is not present or not immediately threatening
stress response regulated by HPA axis, leading to release of cortisol
Brain regions that regulate HPA axis
amygdala
hippocampus