Neuro Anatomy and Review Flashcards
what is the meaning of the prefix, encephalo-
brain
what is the meaning of the prefix, myelo-
spinal cord
what is the meaning of the prefix, meningo-
meninges
what is the meaning of the prefix, neuro-
nerve
what is the meaning of the prefix, spondylo-
vertebra
what is the meaning of the prefix, Leuko-
white matter
what is the meaning of the prefix, polio-
gray matter
what is the meaning of the suffix, -itis
inflammation
what is the meaning of the suffix, -opathy
disease, degeneration, or condition
what is the meaning of the suffix, -malacia
softening or necrosis
where is gray matter in brain, inside or outside
generally outside (opposite to spinal cord), but gets mixed as you move caudally
where is gray matter in spinal cord, inside or outside
inside (opposite of brain)
embryologically, CNS originates from ______ (area) while PNS originates from __________ (area)
CNS from neural plate, PNS from neural plate transition zone
during development of CNS, _______ undergoes concave invagination to form _______; this structure closed to form the _______ and the opening within this is termed the _________
during development of the CNS, neural plate undergoes concave invagination to form early neural tube; this structure closes to form the neural tube and the opening within this is termed the neurocele
name the outer, middle, and inner layers of the meninges. which are considered leptomeninges?
dura mater (outer), arachnoid (middle), pia mater (inner). arachnid and Pia are leptomeninges
when you remove the brain, does the dura adhere to the brain or remain with the cranium
remain with the cranium
between which two structures is the subarachnoid space? what flows within this space?
between arachnoid and Pia mater is subarachnoid space which contains CSF
where do we inject drugs in the CNS
epidermal space (above the dura, along the spinal cord)
when you remove the spinal cord, does the dura adhere to the spinal cord
yes (unlike when you remove the brain, dura is adhered to cranium)
where do we collect CSF from
subarachnoid space
which nervous system cells myelinate axons within the CNS and will proliferate in response too neuron damage
oligodendrocytes
nervous system cells myelinate axons within the PNS
Schwann cells
which nervous system cells are most numerous in the CNS and are important for regulation, repair, and support, and have foot processes that end on blood vessels to form BBB
astrocytes
what are 5 cell types in brain and spinal cord
neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes microglia, ependymal cells
what is the equivalent of the CNS meninges, in the PNS
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium,
what cells of the nervous system are involved in immunosurveillance, regulation, and phagocytosis
microglia
what nervous system cells include ependymal cells and choroid plexus
ependyma
what structure prevents free movement fo substances from blood into CSF or brain/spinal cord
BBB blood brain barrier
name 4 general ways which pathogens can enter CNS, and give an example of each portal of entry
hematogenous (sepsis, TME, tumor metastasis). direct extension (penetrating trauma, ear disease, nasal or sinus disease, bone disease). leukocyte trafficking (pathogens within macrophages or lymphocytes, retroviruses like FIV, fungi like Blastomyces dermatitis). retrograde axonal transport (viruses like rabies and herpes, bacteria like Listeria, toxins like tetanus, prions).
name 4 general ways which pathogens can enter CNS, and give an example of each portal of entry
hematogenous (sepsis, TME, tumor metastasis). direct extension (penetrating trauma, ear disease, nasal or sinus disease, bone disease). leukocyte trafficking (pathogens within macrophages or lymphocytes, retroviruses like FIV, fungi like Blastomyces dermatitis). retrograde axonal transport (viruses like rabies and herpes, bacteria like Listeria, toxins like tetanus, prions).
how do you sample the CNS at necropsy
put entire brain or spinal cord in formalin. exception to 10:10:10 rule. but still keep some frozen
what are 3 divisions of PNS
sensorimotor division, autonomic division, enteric division
what are the 2 plexuses of enteric division of PNS (helpful to know these to understand dysautonomias)
myenteric plexus and sub mucous plexus
during development of PNS, the ______ (embryological zone) becomes _______ which later forms the _______
neural plate transition zone, neural crest, spinal ganglion
