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Neuro > Neuro - Anat & Phys > Flashcards

Neuro - Anat & Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Supraoptic nucleus makes ?

A

ADH

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2
Q

Supraoptic nucleus is within what structure?

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

Paraventricular nucleus makes ?

A

oxytocin

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4
Q

Paraventricular nucleus is within what structure?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no blood-brain barrier:

A

area postrema - vomiting

OVLT (organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis) - senses change in osmolarity

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6
Q

Lateral area of hypothalamus: function?

A

Hunger
Destruction –> anorexia, failure to thrive
Inihibited by Leptin

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7
Q

Ventromedial area of Hypothalamus: function?

A

Satiety
Destruction (craniopharyngioma) –> hyperphagia
Stimulated by Leptin

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8
Q

Anterior hypothalamus: fx?

A

cooling, parasympathetics

A/C = anterior/cooling

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9
Q

Posterior hypothalamus: fx?

A

heating, sympathetics

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10
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: fx?

A

circadian rhythm
“You need sleep to be charismatic”
Releases NE, stimulates pineal gland, which releases melatonin

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11
Q

Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of what hormones?

A

ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, norepinephrine

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12
Q

Extraocular eye movements during REM sleep are due to activity of what?

A

PPRF: (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)

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13
Q

What drugs are associated with decreased REM sleep and delta wave sleep?

A

Alcohol, barbituates, benzos

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14
Q

Treat bedwetting (sleep enuresis) with what?

A

Oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

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15
Q

Awake (eyes open): EEG waveform?

A

Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)

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16
Q

Awake (eyes closed): EEG waveform?

A

Alpha

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17
Q

Non-REM sleep: Stage N1: EEG waveform?

A

Light sleep

Theta waves

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18
Q

Non-REM sleep: Stage N2: EEG waveform?

A

Deeper sleep; when bruxism occurs

Sleep spindles and K complexes

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19
Q

Non-REM sleep: Stage N3: EEG waveform?

A 
Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); when sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occurs
Delta waves (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)
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20
Q

REM sleep: EEG waveform and description?

A

Loss of motor tone, increased O2 use, increased variable pulse and BP; when dreaming and penile/clitoral tumescence occur; may serve a memory processing fx
Beta waves

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21
Q

Thalamus is the major relay for all ascending sensory info except what?

A

olfaction

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22
Q

Thalamic Nuclei:

A

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN, VL

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23
Q

Inputs into VPL:

A

spintothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

24
Q

VPL info:

A

pain and temp (from spinothalamic tract)
crude touch (from spinothalamic tract)
pressure, fine touch, vibration, and proprioception (from DCML)

25
Q

VPL destination:

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus)

26
Q

Inputs into VPM:

A

Trigeminal (from chief sensory nucleus) and gustatory pathway (from solitary tract)

27
Q

VPM info:

A

Face sensation and taste

28
Q

VPM destination:

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus)

29
Q

VPM mnemonic:

A

Makeup goes on the face (VPM)

30
Q

Inputs into LGN:

A

CN II

31
Q

LGN info:

A

vision

32
Q

LGN destination:

A

calcarine suclus (occipital lobe)

33
Q

LGN mnemonic:

A

Lateral = Light

34
Q

Input into MGN:

A

Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

35
Q

MGN info:

A

hearing

36
Q

MGN destination:

A

auditory cortex in temporal lobe

37
Q

MGN mnemonic:

A

Medial = Music

38
Q

Input into VL:

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

39
Q

VL info:

A

motor

40
Q

VL destination:

A

motor cortex

41
Q

Limbic System 5 F’s:

A

Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex

42
Q

Limbic System Structures:

A

hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mamillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus

43
Q

Inputs to Cerebellum:

A

Contralateral cortex via Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Ipsilateral proprioceptive info via Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle from spinal cord
input nerves = climbing and mossy fibers

44
Q

Output from Cerebellum:

A

Sends info to contralateral cortex to modulate movement.

Output nerves = Purkinje cells –> deep nuclei of cerebellum –> contralateral cortex via Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

45
Q

Deep nuclei of Cerebellum (lateral to medial):

A

Don’t Eat Greasy Food

Dentate Emboliform Globose Fastigial

46
Q

Lateral cerebellar lesions:

A

propensity to fall toward injured side (ipsilateral)

47
Q

Medial cerebellar lesions:

A

truncal ataxia, nystagmus, and head tilting
wide-based (cerebellar gait) and deficits in truncal coordination
Generally, midline lesions result in bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature

48
Q

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome: (central Pontine myelonlysis)

A

Massive demyelination in pontine white matter secondary to osmotic changes.
Commonly iatrogenic, caused by overly rapid correction of HYPOnatremia
“From LOW to HIGH, your pons will die”

49
Q

Cerebral Edema/ herniation:

A

Correcting HYPERnatremia too quickly results in cerebral edema/herniation.
“from HIGH to LOW, your brain will blow”

50
Q

Striatum =

A

putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)

51
Q

Lentiform =

A

putamen + globus pallidus

52
Q

Basal Ganglia: Direct/Excitatory pathway:

A

cortical inputs stimulate the striatum, stimulating release of GABA, which DISINHIBITS the thalamus via GPi/SNr (increases motion)

53
Q

Basal Ganglia: Indirect/Inhibitory pathway

A

cortical inputs stimulate the striatum, which disinhibits STN via GPe, and STN stimulates GPi/SNr to inhibit the thalamus (decrease motion)

54
Q

Parkinson Disease associated with what microscopic finding:

A

Lewy bodies (composed of alpha-synuclein - intracellular eosinophilic inclusion)

55
Q

Parkinson TRAPS your body:

A 
Tremor (at rest, pill-rolling tremor)
cogwheel Rigidity
Akinesia (or bradykinesia)
Postural instability
Shuffling gait
56
Q

Huntington Disease pathology:

A

Decreased levels of GABA and ACh in the brain. (Caudate loses ACh and GABA –> CAG repeats)
Neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity
Atrophy of caudate nuclei and ex vacuo dilatation of frontal horns

57
Q

Huntington Disease S/S:

A

choreiform movements, aggression, depression, and dementia

Neuro (10 decks)

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