Neuro A&P review Flashcards
The PNS includes:
○ Cranial Nerves
○ Spinal Nerve Roots and branches
○ Peripheral Nerves
○ Neuromuscular Junction
The ANS is involved in:
○ Smooth muscle contraction
○ Heart rate and contractility
○ Visceral functions
○ Glandular secretions
○ Etc.
In addition to the skull, vertebrae, and ligaments of the spine, the CNS is
protected by the ______
Meninges: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater
The Meninges:
● Dura is thick and stuck to the bone
● Arachnoid is delicate and stuck to the Dura
● Pia is thin and adheres to brain and spinal cord
Space between the
Arachnoid and Pia is
the ______
Subarachnoid Space
In the mid-sagittal plane, the dura
creates the ______,
which divides the hemispheres
superior sagittal sinus
and then forms the Falx Cerebri
Between the cerebrum and the
cerebellum, the dura creates the
_____ and then forms the _______, dividing
the cerebellum from cerebrum
transverse sinuses; Tentorium Cerebelli
A type of glial cell is the ______,
which have long arm projections and wrap
the axons of CNS neurons in layers, which
we call the Myelin Sheat
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte functions
structure support or creating transport of nutrients from capillaries to the neuron
Ependymal cells
simple cuboidal
epithelium that lines the ventricular system
and help create CSF and the BBB
_____ are the cell type that creates
the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous
system
Schwann Cells
Large in humans and contain many dopamine-sensitive cells, making the
frontal lobes likely responsible for reward, attention, planning,
motivation, inhibition, etc. Also the home of the motor cortex
Frontal Lobe
This lobe integrates a large amount of
sensory information from various
modalities, including spatial sense,
navigation (proprioception), and the
sensation of touch (in the
somatosensory cortex)
Parietal lobe
Being the smallest of the four lobes, this lobe is mainly responsible for
the processing of visual sensory information. It includes primary visual
cortex, as well as deeper visual integration areas
Occipital lobe
This complex lobe has many important
known functions, including the processing
of sensory input into derived meanings,
retention of information (memories), facial
recognition, emotional association,
language comprehension, etc
Temporal lobe
Usually located in the posterior lateral
region of the dominant frontal lobe, this
area is responsible for language production
Broca’s area
Damage to this area results in “expressive
aphasia,” or difficulty forming speech
Broca’s area
Posterior superior lateral region of the
dominant temporal lobe, this area is
responsible for language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area
Damage to this area results in “receptive aphasia,” or difficulty
understanding speech or written language
Wernicke’s area
This region of the brain is essentially
involved in motor control. It does not initiate movement, but
helps to coordinate movements,
adjusting motor impulses coming
from the cerebrum to facilitate
precision and accurate timing
Cerebellum
Damage here produces Ataxia
Cerebellum
Gray Matter vs White Matter
○ Gray Matter consists of aggregations of
neuronal cell bodies, such as the outer
layer of the cerebral cortex.
○ White Matter consists of neuronal axons
that are coated with myelin sheath.
______- Multiple structures that
are involved in the management of
motor function and other higher level
brain function
Basal Ganglia
______ - Processes incoming sensory
information and relays to cortex
Thalamus
______- Maintains physiologic
homeostasis and plays a major role in
endocrine function and the pituitary
Hypothalamus
The ______ is a major
highway of axons that connects one
hemisphere to the other, which is an
important interaction necessary for
consciousness and awareness.
Corpus Callosum
The ______ is a white matter
highway of entering and exiting axons
Internal Capsule
The _____ artery is most
commonly involved in strokes.
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
Responsible for pupillary constriction, eyelid elevation (opening the eye), and most extraocular movements (all but out and down-and-in)
CN III: The Oculomotor Nerve
Responsible for downward and internal rotation of the eye due to innervation of the Superior Oblique Muscle
CN IV: The Trochlear Nerve
Lateral deviation (abduction) of the eyeball via Lateral Rectus
CN VI: The Abducens Nerve
Nerve responsible for Facial sensation in three divisions
CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve
Nerve responsible for muscles of Facial Movements- Including those for facial
expression, closing the eyes, and closing the mouth
CN VII: The Facial Nerve
Nerve responsible for Taste on the anterior ⅔ of the tongue
CN VII: The Facial Nerve
Responsible for hearing (cochlear division) and balance (vestibular)
CN VIII: The Acoustic or Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Nerve responsible for Motor function- Muscles of the pharynx involved with swallowing.
CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Nerve responsible for Motor function of the palate, pharynx, and larynx. Sensory function of the pharynx
and larynx. Major parasympathetic functions
CN X: The Vagus Nerve
Nerve responsible for ardrum, ear canal, the pharynx, and taste from the posterior ⅓
of the tongue
CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Nerve responsible for Sensory Function- Taste on the anterior ⅔ of the tongue
CN VII: The Facial Nerve
Responsible for motor innervation of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
CN XI: The Accessory Nerve
Responsible for motor function of the tongue.
CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve
The spinal cord ends at about the level of ____
the L1 or L2 vertebrae (the Conus Medullaris)
lumbar punctures are generally performed
at the level of _____
L3-4 or L4-5
Voluntary movements are communicated
via the _____
Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract.`
Motor neuron tracts that come from the
cortex and synapse on the motor nuclei of
cranial nerves are called the _____
Corticobulbar Tract.
Axon Terminal + Adjacent Muscle Fiber = _____
Motor End Plate
The olfactory (smell) cortex is located in
_____
the superior medial portion of the
temporal lobe, most commonly
adjacent to the gustatory (taste) cortex
Tactile (touch) sensation is processed in
the _____
somatosensory cortex.
What sensory information decussates immediately when entering the spinal cord?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch
What sensory information does not decussate immediately when entering the spinal cord?
Position, vibration, and fine touch sensory
information does not decussate
immediately, but instead the primary
sensory neuron extends all the way to the
ipsilateral lower medulla through the
Posterior Column
In the synaptic cleft, there are
large quantities of the very
important enzyme
_____
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase funciton
This enzyme breaks down any
lingering Acetylcholine in the
synaptic cleft within a few
milliseconds after the
neurotransmitter was released
_____ are communicated
via the Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract.
Voluntary movements
