Neuro Flashcards
cranial nerves
olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal
diencephalon
forebrain - prosencephalon
thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
telencephalon
forebrain - prosencephalon cortex hippocampus amygdala basal ganglia
mesencephalon
mid brain tectum tegmentum superior colliculi inferior colliculi motor nuclei
myelencephalon
hind brain - rhombencephalon
medulla
metencephalon
hind brain - rhombencephalon
pons
cerebellum
grey matter
unmyelinated
white matter
myelinated
parasympathetic
rest and digest
sulci
gyri
fissure
small grooves
bulges
large grooves
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
exoskeleton
organs
lining of organs
layers of the cortex
molecular extra granular pyramidal inner granular ganglionic multiform
anterior / rostral
front of head
posterior / caudal
back of head
ventral
belly
dorsal
bsck
lateral
sides
superior
head
inferior
feet
frontal lobe
higher intellect, personality, language
executive function
motor control - M1
brocas area
parietal lobe
language (dominant hemisphere)
visuospatial (non-dominant)
sensitive to somatosensory and proprioceptive information
feedback from motor and premotor areas
temporal lobe
memory
language
auditory processing
occipital lobe
visual processing
perception
limbic lobe
motivation
emotion
learning
memory
limbic system
hippocampus (cortical) amygdala mammillary bodies nucleus accumbens septal nuclei
hippocampus
memory
amygdala
emotion
mammillary bodies
memory
connect to hippocampus via fornix
nucleus accumbens
behaviour and sleep
septal nuclei
connected to olfactory bulb
basal ganglia
motor movement, perception, memory, decision making, emotion
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus substrate nigra sub-thalamic nucleus
hypothalamus
homeostasis emotion thirst and hunger cardiac rhythm ANS
thalamus
relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus
in thalamus
6 layers: M-cells, P-cells
relay centre for visual pathway
medulla oblongata
most caudal part of brain
part of reticular formation here
regulated cardiovascular system, breathing, skeletal muscle tone
pons
core of reticular formation here
controls sleep and arousal
carries signals to thalamus
contains nuclei that relay signals from forebrain to cerebellum
respiration, bladder control, hearing taste, eye movement, facial expression
cerebellum
motor control coordination precision timing integrates sensory inputs from spine and brain and produces motor activity motor learning
ventricles
lateral x2
third (from lateral via interventricular foramen / monro)
fourth (connected to third by cerebral aqueduct / aqueduct sylvius)
CSF
produced by choroid plexus occupies ventricles, spine and subarachnoid space protective roles regulation of blood flow maintains ionic concentration produced from arterial blood small amount produced by ependymal cells
spine
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Motor areas
M1 - primary motor
suplemental motor - advance movement planning
pre-motor - planning actions
pre-frontal - links motor, limbic and perceptual regions
broca’s area
speech production
expressive aphasia
anterior cingulate cortex
learning subjective value encoding
active selection
insula cortex
pain perception social engagement empathy emotion behind temporal lobe
internal capsule
area of white matter
ascending and descending axons
info from M1
damage can cause hemiplegia
wernicke’s area
language comprehension
fluent aphasia
dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
cortex thalamus medial lemniscus dorsal column nuclei in medulla dorsal column in spine dorsal root axon in spine
touch, vibration, two point discrimination, proprioception
spinothalamic pathway
cortex
thalamus
lateral spinothalamic tract in spine (via medulla)
dorsal root axon
pain, temp, some touch
damage to superior parietal lobe
inability to guide limbs
damage to inferior parietal lobe
apraxia - inability to perform learned tasks
left dominant
astereoagnosia - cant recognise objects by touch
wernicke - geshwind connectionist model
laguage process in wernickes
angular gyrus and arculate fasciculus make words meaningful
ability to repeat words - brocas area
basilar artery
arises from 2 vertebral arteries at junction between pons and medulla
divides into posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries
circle of wilys
junction of basilar arteries
two internal carotid
two posterior cerebral arteries
one anterior communicating artery
central artery
supply interior structures
diencephalon
corpus striatum
internal capsule
anterior cerebral arteries
frontal and limbic
middle cerebral arteries
frontal, parietal, temporal
posterior cerebral arteries
occipital, parietal, temporal
autonomic NS
unconscious
regulates body functions
PSNS
SNS
somatic NS
voluntary control of movements via skeletal muscles
afferent
efferent
away from stim / sensory
toward effectors / motor
asymmetrical (grays 1) synapse
excitatory
symmetrical (grays 2) synapse
inhibitory
myasthenia gravis
antibodies against ACh
autoimmune disease
