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NS1 exam > Audiology > Flashcards

Audiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pinna made up of

A 
helix
fossa
concha
EAM
tragus
lobule
antitragus
antihelix
antihelical fold
scapha
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2
Q

resonance adult ear canal

A

2.5-3kHz

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3
Q

resonance child ear canal

A

7kHz

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4
Q

cone of confusion

A

area in which binaural cues (phase and transient disparities) are useless for sound localisation

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5
Q

law of the first wave

A

primary sound wave used to determine location

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6
Q

duplex theory of sound localisation

A

ITD and IID used to locate sound

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7
Q

layers of the TM

A

epidermis
lamina propria
mucosa

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8
Q

pars tensa

A

all three layers, makes up 85% of TM

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9
Q

pars flaccida

A

no lamina layer, 15% of TM

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10
Q

axial ligaments and tendons in middle ear

A 
anterior malleal ligament 
posterior incudal ligament 
tensor tympani tendon
stapedial tendon
annular ligament
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11
Q

middle ear protection mechanism

A

high intensity low frequency sound
above 80dBSL
reduction of 0.6-0.7dB per dB over sensation level
2000Hz or below

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12
Q

tensor palatini

A

opens and closes eustachian tube

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13
Q

immittance

A

impedance and admittance

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14
Q

admittance

A

energy flowing through the system

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15
Q

impedance

A

energy flow opposition

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16
Q

afferent pathway

A 
cochlea
cochlear nucleus 
SOC
lateral lemniscus 
inferior colliculus 
medial geniculate body
A1
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17
Q

auditory nerve

A

myelinated fibres - inner hair cells

unmyelinated fibres - outer hair cells

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18
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

1st major nuclei in path

anteroventral, dorsal, podterovental areas

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19
Q

SOC

A

in pons
MSO, LSO, MTB areas
first part to receive bilateral information

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20
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

ventral and dorsal nuclei

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21
Q

inferior colliculus

A

in brainstem/ mid brain

central nucleus, dorsal cortex, paracentral nuclei

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22
Q

MGB

A

afferent inputs from IC

ventral, dorsal and medial divisions

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23
Q

descending pathway

A 
cortex
MGB
IC
Lateral lemniscus
SOC
cochlear nucleus 
cochlea

influences the information reaching the brain

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24
Q

Right posterior superior temporal gyrus

A

perception of sound

25
Q

corticofugally controlled corticopetal-corticofugal loops

A

early filter

increase SNR

26
Q

auditory filters

A

determines Hz selectivity of cochlea and sound discrimination

27
Q

outer hair cell motility

A

displace basilar membrane
moves membrane at resonant place = cochlear amplifier
driven by prestin

28
Q

habenula perforata

A

myelinated portion of auditory nerve

29
Q

place theory

A

helmholtz
tonotopicity through system
if we know where the nerve fired we can determine the signal frequency

30
Q

temporal theory

A

wever & bray
nerves discharge at rates proportional to soundwave
up to 1000Hz
higher frequency (staggered firing - volley)

31
Q

Volley principle

A

wever & bray
nerve responds at peak of waveform
different nerve fire in successive cycles

32
Q

helicotrema

A

scala tympani and vestibuli communicate here

33
Q

cochlea

A 
houses organ of corti
base high Hz
apex low Hz
2 3/4 turns
35mm long
divided by osseous lamina
34
Q

modiolus

A

central axis of cochlea

35
Q

reissner’s membrane

A 
divides scala media and vestibuli 
2 layers
epithelial 
mesothelial
squamous cells linked by tight and adherens junctions
36
Q

basilar membrane

A

divides scala media and tympani
varies in thickness and width
apex wider, flexible, thin, low Hz
base less wide, stiff, thick, high Hz

37
Q

Desomosomes

A

connects basilar membrane to border cells

strong connections which resist shearing

38
Q

temporal bones

A

squamous
tympanic
petrous - inner ear here

39
Q

vestibule

A

ultricle and saccule

40
Q

striavascularis

A 
rich blood supply
o2 to cochlea
metabolic control
battery for cochlea
gives endolymph positive charge
pumping mechanism of K+
41
Q

bones

A

incus
stapes
malleus

42
Q

area motor

A

prestin

43
Q

outer hair cells

A 
stria side
rows of three to four
stereocillia shaped like a W
long and cylindrical
electromotility from prestin
deiter support cell at bottom
amplify low level sounds
44
Q

inner hair cells

A

modiolus side
single row
stereocillia shaped like a U
depolarise when stimulated generate AP

45
Q

deiters cell

A

cup bottom of outer hair cell
provide support
actin and tubulin skeleton

46
Q

ribbon synapse

A

specialised cell
glutamatergic
glutamate vesicles attached to surface by filamentous tethers
aka. dense bodies (inner hair cells)
receive graded information about incoming stimulus

47
Q

inner hair cell innervation

A 
many to one innervation
myelinated fibres 
radial fibres
thick 
more fibres than hair cells
type 1
48
Q

outer hair cell innervation

A 
one to many innervation
type 2
outer spiral fibres
unmyelinated
synapse with many hair cells
49
Q

modes of transfer

A

EAM - air
Middle ear - mechanical
inner ear - mechanical, hydrodynamic, electrochemical
nervous system - electrochemical

50
Q

impedance mismatch

A

2 mediums different impedance, some reflected, some transmitted

51
Q

interaural time / phase difference

A

sound on one side of head

difference in time taken to get to each ear, means signal will reach each ear at a different phase

52
Q

interaural intensity / level differences

A

sound one side of head
sound level in each ear differs
noticed more in high Hz

53
Q

hearing loss thresholds

A

mild 20-40dB
moderate 41-70dB
severe 71-95dB
profound 95+dB

54
Q

OME

A

no air exchange due to eustachian tube dysfunction
retracted ear drum
air trapped in TM is absorbed by mucosal membranes
causes negative pressure resulting in a transduction of fluid into middle ear
some water reabsorbed causing glue like fluid

grommets, drainage, hearing aids, autoinflation
colds and barometric changes

55
Q

otosclerosis

A 
abnormal bone growth
stapes fixation to footplate
genetic 
conductive/mixed hearing loss - progressive, bilateral and asymmetrical
tinnitus, otalgia, vertigo
Carhart's 2kHz notch
Schwartze sign - redness of TM

surgery, hearing aids, sodium fluoride

56
Q

presbycusis

A

age related hearing loss
high frequency loss - bilateral, symmetrical
hearing aids

57
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

aka. vestibular schwannoma - tumor of schwann cells covering vestibular nerve
asymmetrical SNHL
unilateral tinnitus - can be only symptom
vertigo, bell’s palsy, poor limb coordination

ABR, CT, MRI, speech testing
ABR = waves 1, 2, 5 - increase latency
MRI monitoring, gamma knife radiation (can cause hydrocephalus), hearing aids, surgery

58
Q

types of presbycusis

A

sensory
metabolic
neural

NS1 exam (3 decks)

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