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YEAR 2 S1 PHYSIO > nEURO > Flashcards

nEURO Flashcards

1
Q

describe alpha motor neurones?
size
where do they come from and to

A
  • most common motor neurones
  • large (~70micrometer diameter)
  • from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
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2
Q

what does a motor unit consist of?

A

an alpha motor unit and ALL the muscle fibres it stimulates

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3
Q

what does a motor unit stimulate?

A

FINE CONTROL: - few fibres

GROSS CONTROL - many fibres

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4
Q

describe gamma motor neurons
what do they synapse with
size
role

A

synapse with INTRAFUSAL muscle fibres (in the centre of muscle, spindle)

  • ~35micrometers diameter
  • role in TONE, not contraction
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5
Q

describe Glutamate

A
  • binds to NMDA receptor
  • EXCITATORY NT
  • allows influx of Na+ and Ca2+
  • inc memb pot O more likely to cause a.p
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6
Q

describe GABA

A
  • binds to GABAA receptors
  • INHIBITORY NT
  • binding allows Cl- to enter
  • dec memb pot O less likely to cause a.p, a GREATER STIMULUS is req to reach threshold
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7
Q

what are the stages of movement?

A

1) identify target
2) place target in 3D
3) calculate trajectory and speed of intercepting limb
4) calculate force needed to exert & reach target

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8
Q

what are the stages of movement?

A

1) identify target
2) place target in 3D
3) calculate trajectory and speed of intercepting limb
4) calculate force needed to exert & reach target

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9
Q

the frontal lobe contains?

A
  • the primary motor cortex

- motor association area (premotor cortex)

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10
Q

the parietal lobe contains?

A
  • primary somatic sensory area

- sensory association area

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11
Q

where is the somatosensory map found?

A

primary sensory cortex

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12
Q

where is the somatotopic/motor map found?

A

motor cortex

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13
Q

what is the function of the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX?

A
  • elicits MOVEMENT with the smallest amount of electrical stimulation
  • functional somatotopic map
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14
Q

what is the function of the PRE MOTOR AREA?
what is it split into?
what is the role of each?

A

split into DORSAL and VENTRAL area
VENTRAL: responsible for arm and face
DORSAL: responsible for LEGS AND TRUNK

  • regulate POSTURE more than movement
  • has a somatotopic map
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15
Q

where is the SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX found?
what is it split into?
what is the role of each?

A
  • medial surface of the hemisphere
  • split into SMA PROPER and preSMA
SMA proper:
- somatotopic map
- connected to other areas (can linkup fine movement)
- controls COMPLEX movement
preSMA:
- not well connected
- connected to the PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- role in PLANNING COMPLEX MOVEMENT
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16
Q

where are the CINGULATE MOTOR AREAS?
what is it split into?
what is its role?

A
  • BELOW primary motor cortex
  • split into the DORSAL, VENTRAL and ROSTRAL
  • each has a somatotopic map
  • HIGHLY connected to other areas
  • preparation and EXECUTION of movement
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17
Q

where is the POSTERIOR PARIETAL found?

what is its role?

A
  • in parietal lobe
  • role in VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
  • receives somatosensory and visual inputs
  • POSTURE
  • TARGET IDENTIFICATION
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18
Q

what do the motor corticies link to?

A
  • somatosensory system

- visual cortex

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19
Q

what is the cerebellum important for?

A
  • motor role
  • fine tune signals going to the periphery
  • higher brain function - LEARNING
  • link to THALAMUS which links to the motor cortex
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20
Q

the cerebellum cont what % of brain volume, and what % of total neurons?

A

10% of brain volume

50% of total neurons in brain

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21
Q

where is the cerebellum found? how is it connected to the brain stem?

A 
posterior fossa
connected to brain stem via 3 peduncles:
- superior
- middle 
- inferior
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22
Q

where does the cerebellum receive information from?

A
  • from sensory cortex

- gets direct info from VESTIBULAR system (senses)

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23
Q

damage to the cerebellum causes what?

A
  • defecit to MOTOR CONTROL
  • don’t suffer from paralysis
  • ## less CONTROL/ fine tuning over movement- ATAXIA (DYSMETRIA AND DYSDIACHOKINESIA)
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24
Q

damage to movement caused by cerebellum damage is what?

types?

A 
ATAXIA: incoordination 
1) DYSMETRIA
- errors wuth direction and force
2) DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA 
- inability to do rapid, alternating movements 
TREMOR
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25
Q

where are the Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Tracts found?

A

deep in nuclei of cerebrum

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26
Q

what does the Basal Ganglia consist of ?

A
  • Caudate nucleus (striatum)
  • Putamen (striatum)
  • Globus Pallidus (striatum)
    (exterior and interior)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substansia nigra
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27
Q

how does information travel to and from the Basal Ganglia?

A

motor cortex–> basal ganglia–> thalamus–> motor cortex

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28
Q

where does the basal link to?

A

the cerebral cortex

NOT spine or somatosensory

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29
Q

what is the role of basal ganglia?

A
  • movement control by DIRECT and INDIRECT pathways
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30
Q

what is the function of the direct and indirect pathway?

which 2 NT are important in these pathways?

A

direct- stimulates movement
indirect- inhibits movement

Glu and GABA are importtant

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31
Q

what is the function of the Thalamus?

what is so sig about the Thalamus?

A
  • acts as a RELAY between subcortical areas and cerebral cortex
  • INTEGRATES and PROCESSES info
  • ALL sensory systems (except olfactory) links to Thalamus
32
Q

give an example of how the thalamus receives external input?

A

light–> retina–> thalamus–> visual cortex

33
Q

describe the direct pathway?

A
  • GABAergic neuron from Corpus striatum to Substantia nigra is stimulated
  • GABA released
  • Cl- influx into S.n, increased chance of hyperpolarisation ( S.n–> Thalamus =INHIBITED)
  • less GABA in the Thalamus
  • Thalamus receives sensory input O any sensory info causes stimulation of GLUTAMINERGIC neuron that goes from the Thalamus to Motor cortex
  • inc in Glu in motor cortex O inc movement
34
Q

describe the indirect pathway?

A
  • GABAergic neuron going from Corpus striatum-> Globus Pallidus is stimulated
  • GABA released into G.P
  • GABA binds to neuron going from G.P-> STN
  • this neuron is likely to be INHIBITED and HYPERPOLARISED due to Cl- influx
  • O less likely to get release of GABA in STN
  • O any info that enters S.N is likely to cause stimulation
  • the GLUTaminetgic neuron that goes from STN to SNis likely to be stim
  • O realease of Glut into SN
  • O Glut binds NMDA receptors on the neuron that connects SN and thalamus
  • Na+ and Ca2+ binds thus more likley to ACTIVATE/DEPOLARISE the GABAergicneuron going from SN to Thalamus
  • GABA released and binds to GABAA receptors on the thalamus
  • O Cl- influx O INHIBITION
  • O less Glutamate released into cortex
  • O less movement
35
Q

where do the corticospinal tracts go to?

A
  • go down spinal cord
36
Q

where do the lateral corticobubular tracts go to?

A
  • only go down to brainstem

as they control facial + neck muscles

37
Q

where do lateral motor systems terminate?

what kind of movement does it control?

A
  • in the LATERAL part of the spinal cord
  • terminate in regions of GREY matter
  • causes activation of muscle going to DISTAL muscle,(eg hands/feet) controls FINE MOVEMENT
38
Q

what makes grey matter grey?

A

collection of cell bodies

39
Q

where do medial motor systems terminate?

what kind of movement does it control?

A
  • in MEDIAL VENTRAL HORN

- innvervate proximal muscles (trunk, upper arms and legs)

40
Q

where do lateral motor pathways orginate?
where do they TERMINATE?
______________

A
  • ## in a WIDE region of the cerebral cortex, from the appt part of somatotopic map
41
Q

what can lateral motor pathways activate?

A
  • can directly activate motor neurons
  • control INTERNEURONES to inhibit motor neurones
  • convey fine movement
42
Q

what is the other part of lateral motor pathways, other than the lateral corticospinal tracts?

A
  • RUBRISPINAL pathway

not much known in humans

43
Q

where do the medial motor pathways originate? what are the 2 types?

A 
- most in brainstem 
but
1) ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAY orginates from cerebral cortex
2) RETICULOSPINAL 
- Pontine
- Medullary
44
Q

what is the role of the 2 parts of the RETICULOSPINAL medial motor pathways ?

A
  • PONTINE
  • supports POstural muscles
  • excitatory
  • MEDULLARY
  • end on INTERNEURONS
  • relaxation of PROXIMAL muscles
  • inhibitory
45
Q

what is the brainstem’s role in posture?( what are the 3 postural reflexes)

A

1) VESTIBULAR
- affects vestibulospinal (senses) and reticulospinal tracts
- eg your eye staying in a fixed position even if your face moves
2) Tonic neck (learning to turn over)
3) Righting (attempt to right your position so you don’t fall over)

46
Q

what is the brainstem’s role in locomotion? which area is involved?

A

Control pattern generators (CPG)

  • rhythmic characteristic behaviour eg walking/running
  • MODIFICATION: sensory input shifts movement pattern
  • voluntary modification
47
Q

emotion and motivation involve which areas of the brain?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system (amyglada, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus)
  • cerebral cortex
48
Q

hwat is the finction of the limbic system?

A

acts as a link between the primitive part of the brain (brain stem) and higher cognitive brain
- control impulses

49
Q

describe the emotion pathway

A
  • stimulus
  • CEREBRAL CORTEX integrates the info and sends to LIMBIC SYSTEM
  • limbic ‘creates’ the emotion
  • ## PHYSIOLOGICAL effects: motor responses or autonomic response (eg inc HR)
50
Q

cortisol can have a negative effect on what?

A

immune response

51
Q

how do we become aware of our emotion?

A

feedback from limbic system to cerebral cortex

52
Q

what is motivation?

A
  • internal signals that shape voluntary behaviours

- can be related to SURVIVAL or linked to EMOTIONS

53
Q

what are the common properties of motivational states/drives?

A
  • increased CNS arousal/alertness
  • create GOAL oriented behaviour
  • capable of co-ordinating DISPARATE behaviours to achieve a goal
54
Q

how do motivated behaviours affect the autonomic and endocrine responses?

A
  • hunger
  • eat food
  • inc PLASMA OSMOLARITY
  • HYPOTHALAMUS stimulated
  • this stimulates the PITUITARY gland
  • ADH produced, binds receptors on kidney
  • kidney stimulated
  • inc WATER RETENTION
55
Q

what is the key NT in pleasure and reward?

A

dopamine

56
Q

where is high dopamine found?

where is dopamine made?

A

limbic system

VTA- ventral tegmental area

57
Q

low dopamine can cause what?

A

depressive behaviours

58
Q

addictive drugs do what?

A

inc dopamine activity

59
Q

what do antidepressants target?

A

serotonin and noradrenaline

60
Q

what is the limbic system made up of?

A
  • amygdala
  • singulate gyrus
  • hippocampus
61
Q

what is plasticity?

due to what?

A

the ability of neurons to alter their connections or change their responses
due to experiences

62
Q

what are the 2 types of learning?

A

1) associative (eg Pavlov’s dogs)
2) non- associative
- habituation
- sensitisation

63
Q

what is memory?

A

the ability to retainand recall information

64
Q

where is memory stored?

where are different COMPONENTS of memory stored?

A

throughout cerebral cortex (in memory traces, which link different parts of a memory from SENSORY CORTICES)

65
Q

what are the 2 types of memory

A

1) STM (working)

2) LTM (declarative and reflective)

66
Q

what are the properties of STM?

describe the working memory?

A
  • holds 7-12 pieces of info
  • will disappear

WORKING memory:

  • processed in pre-frontal lobes
  • collect information from STM AND LTM
67
Q

describe the LTM

A
  • CONSOLIDATION can convert STM to LTM

- can hold a vast amount of info

68
Q

consolidation is what?

A

changes to neuronal excitability or synaptic connections

69
Q

what are the 2 types of LTM?

A

1) DECLARATIVE
- facts
- events
- spatial
2) REFLEXIVE (implicit)

70
Q

give an example of declarative LTM being converted to reflexive LTM

A

reading/writing

71
Q

what is language

A

the abilitity of one member of a species to exchange complex info with others
- a hallmark of an advanced NS

72
Q

where is language controlled?

A
  • mostly left hemisphere of cerebrum
73
Q

how is written word processed?

A
  • read words (EYE) –>visual cortex–>WERNICKE’S area (understanding)–> BROCA’S area for a response
74
Q

where is Wernicke’s area?

A

PARIETAL-TEMPORAL-OPTIC lobe junction

close to motor cortex

75
Q

what happens if there is damage to Wernicke’s area?

A
  • inability to understand spoken or written word
76
Q

what happens if there is damage to Broca’s area?

A
  • inability to respond to written or spoken area
77
Q

what do PET scans show?

A

the usage of glucose

YEAR 2 S1 PHYSIO (7 decks)

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