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Neuro > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Major features of posterior part of brainstem

A

Pineal gland
Sup and Inf colliculus
Trochlear n
Dorsal columns

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2
Q

Major features of anterior part of brainstem

A 
Optic chiasm 
Pituitary stalk 
Cerebral peduncle 
CN 3-12 not 4
Pyramids
Pyramidal dessiccation
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3
Q

Where each nerve arrises in brainstem

A 
Optic chiasm superior to pituitary stalk 
Oculomotor just above pons
Trigeminal side of pons
6 7 8 ponto-medullary junction
9-12 medulla, but 12 separate
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4
Q

Functional classification of cranial nerves

A

GSA- sensation from skin
GVA-sensation of viscera
GSE- muscles of eye and tongue
GVE- preganglionic para
SSA-vision, hearing
SVA- Smell and taste (nucleus solitaires)
SVE- muscles in chewing, facial expression

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5
Q

Organisation of embryonic spinal cord

A

GSA and GVA dorsal

GVE and GSE ventral

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6
Q

Organisation of embryonic brain stem

A

GSA and GVA lateral

GVE anf GSE medial

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7
Q

GSE nuclei locations in brainstem

A

Oculomotor-midbrian
Trochlear
Abduncens- pons
Hypoglossal- medulla

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8
Q

SVE nuclei location in brainstem

A

Trigeminal- pons
Facial- pons
Ambigus- medulla
Accessory- cervical spinal cord

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9
Q

GVE nuclei location in brainstem

A

Edinger Westphal- midbrian
Salivatory- 3 in pontomedullary border
Vagus-pons

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10
Q

Afferent nuclei location

A

SSA- vestibulocochlear- pons
GSA- Trigeminal- everywhere
GVA/SVA- solitarius- medulla

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11
Q

Features of midbrain

A

Mickey mouse
Cerebral aquaduct
Substantia nigra

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12
Q

Features of Pons

A

Transverse fibres

4th ventricle

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13
Q

Features of medulla

A

4th Ventricle
Inferior olivary nucleus
Pyramid

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14
Q

Features of lower medulla

A

Central Canal

Pyramid decussation

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15
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome

Cause and symptoms

A

Thrombosis of veterbral artery or PICA

Vertigo- vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia
Ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal sense
Contralateral loss of pain and thermal sense - spinothlalamic
Difficulty swallowing
Horner's Syndrome- symptoms fibres
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16
Q

Oculomotor function

A

Movement of eyeball

Pupillary contraction

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17
Q

Trigeminal function

A

General sensation

Mastication

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18
Q

Facial function

A

Taste
Facial movements
Salivation
Lacrimation

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19
Q

Vestibulocochlear function

A

Vestibular sensation

Hearing

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20
Q

Glossopharyngeal function

A

Generla sensation and taste
Chemo+ baro
Swallowing and salivaiton

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21
Q

Vagus function

A

Chemo+ baro
CVS, resp, GI
Visceral sensation
General sensation

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22
Q

Accessory function

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

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23
Q

Hypoglossal function

A

Movement of tongue

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24
Q

Enlargements of spinal cord

A

C3-T2- cevical

T11-L2 Lumbosacral

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25
Q

Difference in spinal and cranial meninges

A

Spinal dura is not as closely associated with the bone and has extradural space, filled with venous plexus and fatty tissue
Useful for anaesthetic

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26
Q

Main spinal tracts

A

Lateral corticospinal
Dorsal columns
Spinothalamic

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27
Q

Injury to lateral corticospinal tract

A

Firstly spinal shock with using reflex and flaccid paralysis
Secondary reflexes become exaggerated and rigid paralysis
On same side as lesion

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28
Q

Injury to spinothalamic tract

A

Contralateral loss of pain in leg

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29
Q

Where each tract decussate

A

Lateral corticospinal- medulla
Dorsal columns- medulla
Spinothalamic- at level where enter spinal cord

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30
Q

Circle of Wilis

A

Vertebral arteries- Basilar- Posterior cerebral Arteries
Posterior communicating join these to middle cerebral which are joined to anterior cerebral arteries
Which are joined by an anterior communicating artery

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31
Q

Define stroke

A

Rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular organ with >24hrs duration

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32
Q

Define TIA

A

Rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular organ with <24hrs duration

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33
Q

Risk factors of stoke

A 
Age 
Hypertension
Cardiac disease
Smoking
Diabetes
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34
Q

What artery supplies which lobe

A

ACA- frontal, parietal
MCA- temporal
PCA- Occipital

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35
Q

Disturbance of ACA

A

Paralysis of contralateral leg

Disturbance of intellect, judgement

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36
Q

Disturbance of MCA

A 
Contrlateral hemiplegia (once side paralysed)
Contrlateral hemi-sensory deficits
Hemianopia- blind on half
Aphasia (don't understand or speak)
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37
Q

Disturbance of PCA

A

Homonymous hemianopia- loss of half on same side in both eyes
Visual agnosia- can’t recognise

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38
Q

Types of haemorrhagic stroke

A

Extradural
Subdural
Subarachnoid- into space
Intercerebral- HT

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39
Q

Layers of neural tube

A 
Neural canal
Ependymal Layer
Grey matter
White matter 
Neural crest
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40
Q

Division of grey matter in later developing spinal cord

A

Alar plate- dorsal- interneurones

Basal plater- motor neurons and interneurones

41
Q

Structure of spinal cord

layout

A

Central canal
Ventral and dorsal horn
White matter

42
Q

Sections of developing brain

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

43
Q

Flexures of the developing brain

A

Cephalic
Pontine
Cervical

44
Q

Development of the cortex

A

Neuroblasts are proliferating near the inner membrane
Some stay in the middle and form basal ganglia
Some migrate via radial glial cells
You end up with 6 layers of cells, with each having different types and functions

45
Q

Types of regulation of cerebral blood flow

A

Neural
Chemical
Autoregulated

46
Q

Neural control of CBF

A

Sympathetic- causing vasoconstriction
Para- facial nerve can cause slight vasoconstriction
Central cortical Neurones-Can release neurotransmitters that cause vasoconstriction
Dopaminergic neurones

47
Q

How dopamingeric neurones cause constriction

A

Pericytes are associated and are contractile
The neurones innervate SM and pericytes causing consticrition
This is via aminergic and serotoninergic receptors

48
Q

How CO2 causes vasodilation

A

H+ causes vasodilation but cannot pass through BBB

However CO2 can and can be turned into H+

49
Q

How NO causes vasodilation

A

It stimulates guanylyl cyclase which converts GTP to cGMP which causes vasodilation

50
Q

Structures that don’t have a BBB

A

Circumventricular organs

51
Q

Formation of CSF

A

Ependymal cells surround capillaries, and secrete molecules into ventricles

52
Q

Pathway of CSF

A 
Lateral ventricles (choroid plexus)
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
4th Ventricle 
Subarachnoid space
53
Q

Volume of CSF and volume formed

A

80-150mL

450mL/day

54
Q

Function of CSF

A

Protection
Nutrition for neurones
Transport of molecules

55
Q

Structure of BBB

A

Very tight juncitons

Pericytes- but when these contract- more likely to escape

56
Q

Examples of CVO

A

Median eminence region of the hypothalamus
Subfornical organ (SFO)
Organum vasulosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

57
Q

Plasma vs CSF

A

Lower in CSF-
K+, Ca, Aa, HCO3-

Higher in CSF-
Mg, CL-, H+

58
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Involved in producing speech

59
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Involved in understanding speech

60
Q

Layers of dura mater

A

Periosteal

Meningeal

61
Q

Thalamic nuclei

A

Specific- primary cortical areas
Association- association cortex
Reticular- intrathalamic projections
Intralaminar- all cortical areas

62
Q

Functional Cortical Areas

A 
Primary motor cortex
`Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex
Wernicke's area
Broca's areas
63
Q

Thalamus association with RAS

A

Reticular foramen projects into thalamus to intralaminar nuclei
These are connected to all other nuclei which then can modulate activity of cortex
Increased activity coming through reticular formation the more activated the cortex becomes

64
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Autonomic NS
Endocrine System
Behaviour

65
Q

Close connections with hypothalamus

A

Olfactory

Limbic

66
Q

Pathway of sound conduction

From outer ear to brain

A

Outer ear- external auditory meatus
Reaches tympanic membrane (eardrum) and 3 bones- stapes, incus and malleus
Sound is then transferred to the cochlear- then the vestibulocochlear nerve
Ipsilateral cochlear nucleus to superior olivary nucleus and inferior colliculus auditory cortex

67
Q

Frequency and intensity of sound

A

Frequency- changing amount of compression/rarefraction between air particles
Intensity- difference in pressure between compressed rarefied air region

68
Q

3 Ossicles

A

Stapes
Incus
Malleus

69
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Tube linking nasopharynx to middle ear- to equalise pressure

70
Q

Oval window

A

Membrane covered opening that leads from middle ear (in contact with stapes) to vestibule of middle inner ear

Pressure here greater than tympanic membrane
Amplifies the sound

71
Q

Reissiner’s membrane and Basilar’s membrane

A

RM- Separates scala vestibule and scala media

BM- separates scala media and scala tympani

72
Q

Fluid filling the chambers in inner ear

A

Perilymph (low K high Na) and endolymph (low Na high K)

73
Q

Conduction of sound in Scala vestiboli and tympani

A

Stapes vibrates onto oval window which sends signals down the perilymph in the Scala vestibule, this then travels to the helicotrema then back to the Scala tympani and then the round window

74
Q

Properties of basilar membrane

A

Wider at apex and narrower at the base
Flexible at apex, stiff at base

On top of basal membrane- hair cells called stereocilia

75
Q

Hair cells of basilar membrane

A

Movement of hairs either cause depolarisation or hyperpolarisation
If depolarised- transmits along nerve fibre

Hair cells project into endolymph

76
Q

Tonotopy

A

Sound enters ear and travels along basilar membrane

Not responsive to low frequencies- since do not stimulate hair cells on basilar membrane very much

77
Q

Testing for hearing loss

A

Anything above 20 decibels- progressively deafer
Test via conduction route- headphones
Or vibrate the skull- mastoid vibrator- to stimulate cochlear directly

If neither are working- suggests nerve damage

78
Q

Types of hearing loss

A

Conductive- sound tramission in external/middle ear
Sensorineural- permanent due to cochlear/auditory nerve dysfunction

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD)- dysfunction of transmission from IHC to lower brainstem- results in poor speech discrimination
Auditory processing disorder (APD)- dysfunction of central auditory pathways- resulting in difficulty processing sound

79
Q

Transduction mechanism of hair cell

A

Upward movement- displaces stereocilia- opening K+ channels- K+ enters from endolymph- depolarisation- opens Ca2+ channels- causing glutamate release

Downward movement- K+ closing and hyperpolarisation

80
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Inside scala media

Hair cells attach to this

81
Q

Differentiation of pitch

A

Human range:20Hz- 20kHz
High frequencies- vibrate basilar membrane nearer to base
Low frequencies vibrate nearer apex

82
Q

Organ of corti

A

Includes basilar and tectorial membrane, hair cells and supporting cells

83
Q

How hair cells conduct impulses

A

Connected by tip links
Share location with ion channels, so when stimulated they pull on ion channel allowing potassium to enter
Active process allows negative stiffness

84
Q

Aspects of active process of hair cells

A

Amplification- vibrates more to resonant frequency
Frequency tuning
Compressive nonlinearity- quiet sounds amplified more than loud ones
Spontaneous otoacoustic emission

85
Q

Different hair cells

A

Inner- Afferent connections

Outer- Efferent connections

86
Q

Purpose of efferent fibres in hair cells

A

When activated frequency selectively and sensitivity is enhanced

87
Q

Role of Outer hair cells

A

Perform amplifying role via electromobilisty

Cell bodies shorten and elongates- allowing tectorial membrane to oscillate

88
Q

Pathway of auditory neuronal conduction, and function of each complex

A

Cochlear nucleus- in brain stem, continue T stellate and bushy cells
Superior olivary complex- medial- where intreraural time difference is computed
lateral-where intensity difference is detected
Superior and Inferior Colliculus
Primary auditory cortex

89
Q

Kinocillium and relevance to conduction

A

Cilia in ear
If transduction toward Kinocilia- depolarisation
If away- hyperpolarisation

90
Q

Stimulation of hair cells in vestibular system

A

Deflection of forces to inertial resistance to acceleration and endolymphatic fluid rotation

91
Q

Otolith Organs

A

Saccule and utricle

Saccule- in vertical plane-horizontal projecting hair cells
Utricle- horizontal plane- vertical projecting hair cells

92
Q

Discharge of neurones in saccule during linear acceleration, being upright and static tilt

A

Upright- tonic discharge due to gravity constantly displacing hair
Static tilt- tonic discharge thats modulated, and will remain as long as the head it tilted
Linear acceleration- in horizontal plane- displacement spontaneous discharge

93
Q

Semi circular canals

A

3 interconnected tubes in 3 planes
The horizontal, superior and posterior
Conented to cochlea

94
Q

How hair cells in otolith organs are activated

A

Otoconia (crystals) is above a gel, so when acceleration occurs they move since they are heavier and displace the hair cells

95
Q

How hair cells detect the fluid movement in semicircular canals

A

Movement of fluid moves the cupola in the ampulla

This causes displacement of hair cells which activates the vestibular nerve

96
Q

Labyrinths in inner ear

A

Bony- surrounded by petrous temporal bone filled with perilymph
Membranous- filled with endolymph

97
Q

Vesibulo-ocular reflex

A

When head rotates the eyes rotate in compensation to the opposite direction
Aims to keep images fixed

98
Q

Vestibulospinal Reflex

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract- ipsilateral, motor to arms

Medial- bilateral, motor to neck and nack

99
Q

Balance disorders

A

Peripheral vestibular disorders- labyrinth and VIII nerve

Central vestibular disorders– CNS

Neuro (9 decks)

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