Limbic system

Question 1

Cells in the olfactory bulb

Answer 1

Mitral Cells

Question 2

Smell in Parkinson’s

Answer 2

Anosmia is common in this

Nose is one of the environmental triggers of Parkinsons along with through the gut

Question 3

Limbic system function

Answer 3

Maintenance of homeostasis
Agnostic behaviour (fight or flight)
Sexual and reproductive behaviour
Memory

Question 4

Papez Circuit

Answer 4

Circuit in the brain
Cingulate cortex connects to hippocampus via cingulum bundle
Which connects to hypothalamus by the fornix
This connects to anterior nucleus of thalamus by mamilo thalamic tract
This connects to cingulate cortex by cingulum bundle

Question 5

Cortex next to hippocampus providing large input and the name of pathway

Answer 5

Entorhinal cortex

Perforant pathway

Question 6

Alzheimer’s Disease

The progression of it

Answer 6

1 in 20 >65y
1 in 5 >85
Pathology spreads to hippocampus/enterhinal cortex giving short term memory problems
Then spreads to parietal lobs giving dressing apraxia
Then spreads to frontal lobe giving loss of executive skills

Question 7

Amygdala- location, interconnections, function

Answer 7

Embedded in anterior part of temporal lobe
Highly interconnected
Afferent- olfactory cortex, septum, temporal neocortex, hippocampus, brainstem
Efferent- stria terminalis

Function- Fear and anxiety, fight or flight

Question 8

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

Answer 8

Completely fearless
Damage to amygdala
Visual agnosia and hypersexuality

Question 9

Structures associated with aggression

Answer 9

Anterior part of hypothalamus
Brainstem
Amygdala

Question 10

Septum- location, interconnections and function

Answer 10

Membrane between two lateral ventricles anteriorly
Afferent- amygdala, olfactory erect, hippocampus, brainstem
Efferent- Stria medlars thalami, hippocampus, hypothalamus
Function- reinforcement and reward

Question 11

Mesolimbic pathway and its relevance with drugs

Answer 11

Known as reward pathway
Dopaminergic neurones located in midbrain and project via median forebrain bundle- going to cortex, nucleus accumbens and amygdala

Drugs effecting- opioids, nicotine, amphetamines, ethanol, cocaine- cause DA release in nucleus accumbens- causing person to feel happy

Question 12

White matter- 3 types of fibres

Answer 12

Association fibres- connect areas in same hemisphere
Commissural fibres- Connect left to right
Projection fibres- connect cortex with lower brain structures- brainstem and spinal cord

Question 13

Grey matter- 6 cortical layers

Answer 13

1-3- mainly cortico cortical connections
4 input from thalamus
5-6 connections with subortical , brainstem and spinal cord

Question 14

Primary cortices

Answer 14

Primary motor 
Somatic sensory
Visual 
Auditorial 
Olfactory
Gustatory- tesate

Question 15

Function of each lobe in cortex

Answer 15

Frontal- judgement, foresight
Temporal- language, emotion, memory
Parietal- Spacial map of body in surroundings
Occipital- visual

Question 16

Visual association cortex lesion

Answer 16

Prosopagnosia-face blindness

Question 17

Frontal cortex lesions

Answer 17

Lack of planning, disorganised behaviour and

Question 18

Parietal cortex lesions

Answer 18

Disorientation, inability to read maps or understand spatial relationships, apraxia

Question 19

Temporal cortex lesions

Answer 19

Agnosia and receptive aphasia

Question 20

Dominance of both hemispheres

Answer 20

Left- language dominant

Right- spatial processing dominant

Question 21

Transcranial magnetic stimualtion

Answer 21

Magnetic field induces electric current in cortex causing neurones to fire
Can test whether area is responsible for a function

Question 22

Transcranial direct current stimulation

Answer 22

Changes excitability of neurones

with anode and cathode

Question 23

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 23

Uses radioactive tracer to examine where particular molecule e.g dopamine is being absorbed

Question 24

Magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography

Answer 24

Measures magnetic and electric field

Measures surface activity of brain but not interior structures

Question 25

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 25

Measure Brian activity by changes in blood flow