Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STEP1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Notochord induces overlying ______ to differentiate into _____ and form ________

A

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neural plate gives rise to

A

neural tube and neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Notochord becomes

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alar plate:

Dorsal/basal plate:

A

alar = dorsal (also lateral nuclei) = sensory

basal = ventral (also medial nuclei)= motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neural tube defects is from mother folate deficiency but also what?

A

maternal diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in neural tube defects?

A

alpha-fetoprotein (except in spina bifida occulta..makes sense since that one isn’t a super open defect)

elevated Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid is a good confirmatory test (leaks from CSF into amniotic fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what 2 conditions is holoprosencephaly seen in?

and what mutation may it be related to?

A

trisomy 21
fetal alcohol syndrome

sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is chiari 1 malformation, what is it associated w/?

clinical presentation?

A

ectopia of cerebellar tonsils (1 structure for chiari 1)

asympto in childhood
adult -> headaches and cerebellar sx

associated w/ spinal cavitations (eg syringomyelia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is chiari II malformation, what is it associated w/?

presentation?

A

herniation of cerebellar vermis and tonsils (2 structures for chiari 2), thru foramen magnum w/ aqueductal stenosis -> hydrocephalus

associated w/ lumbrosacral meningomyelocele

presents as paralysis/sensory loss at or below level of lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is dandy-walker syndrome, what is it associated w/?

A

cerebellar vermis agenesis
cystic enlargement of 4th vetricle
enlarged posterior fossa

associated w/ noncommunicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Syringomyelia:
presentation?
associations?
most common levels affected?

A

cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp (fibers crossing anterior white commissure are damaged) of upper extremities (like burning hands while cooking!)

if syrinx expands -> more tracts involved -> muscle atrophy and weakness (LMN stuff) and Horner syndrome! (hypothalamospinal tract, which is SNS input of face)

a/w Chiari malformation, trauma, tumors

most common at C8-T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

________ branchial arches form anterior 2/3 tongue
sensation via CN_____
taste via CN______

A

1st and 2nd arches
sensation = CN V3
taste = CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________ branchial arches form posterior 1/3 tongue
sensation via CN_____
taste via CN______

A

3rd and 4th arches

both mainly CN IX 9
super posterior is CN X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CN X innervates _____ to elevate posterior tongue during swallowing

A

palatoglossus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what cell has these functions:
extracellular K+ buffer, removal of excess NTs, part of BBB, glycogen fuel reserve buffer

what embryo layer is it derived from?
marker:

A

Astrocytes

derived from neuroectoderm

marker: GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Microglia

function
derived from:

also note that they are the ones that fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS HIV infection

A

CNS macrophages

derived from mesoderm. mononuclear origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CNS demyelinating Dzs (affects oligodendrocytes) (3)

A

MS
PML
Leukodystrophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which sensory receptors are large myelinated fibers that detect pressure, deep static touch (shapdes, edges), and proprioception? located in finger tips and superficial skin

A

Merkel discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dendritic endings with capsule on finger tips and joints. detect pressure, slippage, joint angle change

A

Ruffini corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

of the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium, 1)which one has inflammatory infiltrate in GBS? 2) which one is the blood-nerve permeability barrier?

A

1) endoneurium

2) perineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CNS NE is produced where?

A

Locus ceruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CNS GABA is produced where?

A

Nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CNS dopamine is produced where? (2)

A

ventral tegmentum

substantia nigra pars compacta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

NT changes in depression

A

decreased dopamine, NE, serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NT changes in shizophrenia

A

increased dopamine

26
Q

NT changes in Parkinson’s

A

decreased dopamine and serotonin

increased ACh

27
Q

NT changes in Huntington’s

A

decreased ACh and GABA

increased dopamine

28
Q

embryonic origins of dura arachnoid and pia maters

A

dura - mesoderm

other 2 are neural crest

29
Q

3 components of BBB. which one is most important?

A

endothelial tight junctions *** most important

basal lamina
astrocytic foot processes

30
Q

which glut transporters are in brain

A

GLUT1, GLUT3

31
Q

3 areas of brain with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB. + the function/effect

A
  1. area postrema (medulla) - vomiting after chemo (inputs into hypothalamus)
  2. OVLT - osmotic sensing for hypothalamus
  3. posterior pituitary - allows for ADH release into blood circulation
32
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus/areas functions

lateral
ventromedial
anterior
posterior
suprachiasmatic nucleus
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
A

lateral - hunger. (if you zap your lateral hypothalamus, you shrink laterally) (affected by ghrelin AND leptin)
ventromedial - satiety (stimulated by leptin)
anterior - cooling, PNS
posterior - heating, SNS
suprachiasmatic nucleus - circadian rhythm
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei - ADH and oxytocin (carried by neurophysins down axons to pituitary)

33
Q

brain pathway of circadian rhythm regulation

A

suprachiasmitic nucleus of hypothalamus -> release NE -> affect pineal gland -> release melatonin

34
Q

what 3 things are associated w/ decreased REM sleep AND delta wave (stage 3) sleep?

what about just decreased REM?

A

alcohol, benzos, barbiturates

NE just REM decreased

35
Q

what is 1st and 2nd line of tx for bedwetting?

A

1st is motivational therapy (star chart! lol)

2nd is desmopressin (ADH analog)

36
Q

drug for night terrors and sleepwalking

A

Benzos. b/c they decrease N3 delta wave sleep which is when that stuff happens

37
Q

what stage of sleep does teeth grinding occur? what do you see on EEG during that stage?

A

stage 2

sleep spindles and K complexes

38
Q

awake/sleep stages and EEG: at night, BATS Drink Blood

A

Beta - awake and alert
Alpha - awake but eyes closed
Theta - stage 1. light sleep
Sleep spindles and K complexes - stage 2, teeth grinding
Delta - stage 3. night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting
Beta - REM sleep

39
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus ( of thalamus) is part of ____ pathway

medial geniculate nucleus ______

where doe they project to

A

LGN = vision (goes to calcarine sulcus)

MGN = hearing (goes to auditory cortex aka Heschl’s gyrus in temporal lobe)

40
Q

auditory pathway: C8 (kate)’s SON LLICT (licked) My Temple.

A

Cochlea -> CN 8 -> Superior Olive Nucleus (brainstem) -> Lateral Lemniscus -> Inferior Colliculus of Tectum (midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> superior gyrus of temporal lobe aka Heschl’s gyrus aka auditory cortex

41
Q

dopamine pathway where decreased activity leads to negative symptoms of anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity

A

Mesocortical pathway

42
Q

lateral lesion of cerebellum results in ______

A

voluntary mvt of extremities. tend to fall on injured/ipsilateral side

43
Q

medial lesion of cerebellum (vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei, flocculonodular lobe) results in ________

A

truncal ataxia (wide based gait), nystagmus, head tilting

44
Q

how does cortex input into cerebellum? (like what structure)

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

45
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle relates what information

A

ipsilateral proprioception from spinal cord

46
Q

basal ganglia:

striatum = ____ + ______

A

putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)

47
Q

how does therapeutic hyperventilation decrease intracranial pressure?

A

it decreases PCO2 -> vasoconstiction -> decreased cerebral blood flow -> dec ICP

48
Q

sx of increased ICP (headache, seizures, focal neuro deficits)
elevated D-dimer
can lead to venous hemorrhage -> bilateral parasaggital hemorrhagic infarcts

dx/cause?

A

Dural venous thrombosis

most commonly SSS

49
Q

what does CSF flow thru to get from lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle?

A

foramina of MONROE

50
Q

patient comes in. everything is too loud!

A

hyperacusis

paralysis of stapedius

innervated by facial nerve CN VII

51
Q

which CN moniters carotid body and sinus chemo and baroreceptors? (2)

A

glossopharyngeal CN IX

vagus CNX

52
Q

what CN for talking and cough reflex?

A

vagus CNX (NOT ix!)

53
Q

lesion in this vagal nucleus results in unstable BP, tachycardia, loss of taste

A

nucleus solitarius

note: u can also get tachycardia if dorsal motor nucleus is affected (inhibited) since that’s PNS stuff

54
Q

lesion in this vagal nucleus results in dysphagia, hoarse voice, hiccups, dysarthria

A

nucleus ambiguus in lateral medulla

55
Q

what CN innervates lacrimal and salivary glands

A

facial CNVII

56
Q 
levels of the following reflexes:
Biceps/brachioradialis
Triceps
Patellar
Achilles

cremasteric
anal wink

A

Biceps/brachioradialis - C5
Triceps - C7
Patellar - L4
Achilles - S1

cremasteric - L1-L2
anal wink - S3-S4

57
Q

dermatome level of xiphoid process?

inguinal ligament?

A

T7

inguinal ligament is L1. (L1 is IL)

58
Q

whats the big difference between PICA lesion (lateral medullary syndrome) and AICA lesion (lateral pontine syndrome) aka what does one have that the other doesnt?

A

PICA has nucleus ambiguus stuff. dysphagia, hoarse voice, dec gag reflex, hiccups

AICA has facial nucleus stuff -> paralysis of face, decreased lacrimation and salivation, decreased taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

59
Q

findings in PCA lesions (2)

A

contralateral hemianopia (w/ or w/ut macular sparing)

alexia w/out agraphia if dominant hemisphere

60
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis - gene mutation? inheritance?

features: HAMARTOMAS

A

TSC1 mutation on chromosome 9 or TSC2 mutation on chromosome 16. (tumor suppressor genes). autosomal dominant.

Hamartomas in CNS and skin;
Angiofibromas;
Mitral regurgitation;
Ash-leaf spots; 
cardiac Rhabdomyoma;
(Tuberous sclerosis);
autosomal dOminant;
Mental retardation (intellectual disability);
renal Angiomyolipoma;
Seizures, Shagreen patches.

increased incidence of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and ungual fibromas.

STEP1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions