Neuro

Question 1

Pseudopolar (unipolar)

Answer 1

○ Sensory

○ 1 process that splits (hard to separate the axon from the dendrites)

Question 2

Bipolar

Answer 2

○ Retinal, cochlear

2 processes

Question 3

Multipolar

Answer 3

○ Most common

Motor and association, many dendrites, one axon

Question 4

Anaxonic

Answer 4

○ Some CNS neurons

No obvious axon

Question 5

Supporting Cells in the PNS:

Answer 5

Schwann

Sattelite

Question 6

Microglia

Answer 6

Migrate through CNS and phagocytose debris

Question 7

Astrocytes

Answer 7

Regulate neurogenesis (needed for stem cells to differentiate)
Removes K from ECF
Take up glucose from blood, metabolize it to lactate, then release it for use as an energy source by neurons, which metabolize it aerobically into CO2 and H2O for production of ATP

Question 8

Tyelenol

Answer 8

Inhibits NO

Question 9

Rabies

Answer 9

• Deadly viral infection (bitten by an infected animal)
• Virus infects the brain, immune cells and antibodies can’t enter the brain
No treatment after symptoms appear, but before, rapid treatment with anti-rabies antibodies can help stop infection

Question 10

Patch clamp

Answer 10

Recording electrode in cell culture

Question 11

Myotonia:

Answer 11

• Neuromuscular disorders characterized by delayed relaxation of skeletal muscle after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation
• Can be caused by mutations in muscle Cl channels (humans, dogs…etc)
○ Channel doesn’t open properly
○ Repolarization delayed, results in several action potentials firing instead of just one
○ Too much contraction, dog falls over
• In goats, when startled or excited, temporary stiffening of muscles occur, When muscles relax after a few seconds, the animal jumps up and is fine
Have a higher meat to bone ratio (3:1 instead of 2:1), has more tender meat- more valued

Question 12

Lyme Disease

Answer 12

○ Bit by infected tick, substances in tick saliva disrupt local immune response
○ Spirochetes multiply in the skin
○ Immune response causes characteristic circular lesion, but neutrophils which are necessary to eliminate the infection fail to appear
Bacteria spreads to the bloodstream to joints, heart, nervous system, and distant skin sites

Question 13

Chromothesia

Answer 13

Hear music as colours

Question 14

Synaesthesia

Answer 14

Experience sounds as taste

Question 15

Gray Matter

Answer 15

Cell bodies, dendrites

Question 16

White matter

Answer 16

Axons (myelin sheaths produce white colour)

Question 17

Insula

Answer 17

○ Region buried deep within the lacteral sulcus (division between frontal and temporal lobes)
○ Implicated in encoding memory, integration of sensory information with visceral (internal) responses
Receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and somatosensory (mostly pain) information

Question 18

Left Side of Brain

Answer 18

Speech
Writing
Main language integration center
Calculation

Question 19

Right Side of brain

Answer 19

Simple language comprehension

Spatial concepts

Question 20

Kim Peek:

Answer 20

• Born with brain damage (no corpus callosum)
• Also known as Rain Man
• Remembers every page from every book he ever read
Different wiring of the brain

Question 21

Christopher Langan:

Answer 21

• Highest known IQ (195-210)
• No formal university education
• Developed the cognitive theoretic model of the universe
Integrating different aspects of looking at the universe (philosophy, math, chem..etc)

Question 22

Orbifrontal Area

Answer 22

People with damage to the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex experience severe impulsive behaviour (verging on sociopathic)

Question 23

Epithalamus

Answer 23

○ Dorsal segment of Diencephalon
○ Contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin
§ “Hormone of darkness”, helps regulate circadian rhythms

Question 24

Hypothalamus

Answer 24

○ Sits above the optic chiasm
○ Most inferior portion of the diencephalon
○ Site of the master clock (SCN- superchiasmatic nucleus)
○ Regulated daily body processes
§ Hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation
§ Hormone secretion from pituitary gland
Contributes to regulation of sleep and wake

Question 25

Midbrain:

Answer 25

Cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons are highly concentrated in the midbrain

Nigrostriatal
Mesolimbic

Question 26

Cerebellum

Answer 26

○ Second largest structure of the brain
○ >50 billion neurons (gray and white matter)
○ Monitors and refines motor activity initiated elsewhere
§ Receives input from proprioceptors (joint, tendon muscle receptors), and together with signals from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex, it participates in coordination of movement

Question 27

Medulla

Answer 27

○ All ascending and descending fiber tracts providing communication between spinal cord and brain must pass through the medulla
Required for the regulation of breathing, vital center responses

Question 28

Courchesne Theory of Overstimulation

Answer 28

○ Suggests that autistic children can seem antisocial because they shun external stimulation since the cerebellum can’t take it
Children get stuck in repetitive behaviour because it calms the easily overstimulated brain (can appear to live in a world of their own)