Neuro Flashcards
Pseudopolar (unipolar)
○ Sensory
○ 1 process that splits (hard to separate the axon from the dendrites)
Bipolar
○ Retinal, cochlear
2 processes
Multipolar
○ Most common
Motor and association, many dendrites, one axon
Anaxonic
○ Some CNS neurons
No obvious axon
Supporting Cells in the PNS:
Schwann
Sattelite
Microglia
Migrate through CNS and phagocytose debris
Astrocytes
Regulate neurogenesis (needed for stem cells to differentiate) Removes K from ECF Take up glucose from blood, metabolize it to lactate, then release it for use as an energy source by neurons, which metabolize it aerobically into CO2 and H2O for production of ATP
Tyelenol
Inhibits NO
Rabies
• Deadly viral infection (bitten by an infected animal)
• Virus infects the brain, immune cells and antibodies can’t enter the brain
No treatment after symptoms appear, but before, rapid treatment with anti-rabies antibodies can help stop infection
Patch clamp
Recording electrode in cell culture
Myotonia:
• Neuromuscular disorders characterized by delayed relaxation of skeletal muscle after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation
• Can be caused by mutations in muscle Cl channels (humans, dogs…etc)
○ Channel doesn’t open properly
○ Repolarization delayed, results in several action potentials firing instead of just one
○ Too much contraction, dog falls over
• In goats, when startled or excited, temporary stiffening of muscles occur, When muscles relax after a few seconds, the animal jumps up and is fine
Have a higher meat to bone ratio (3:1 instead of 2:1), has more tender meat- more valued
Lyme Disease
○ Bit by infected tick, substances in tick saliva disrupt local immune response
○ Spirochetes multiply in the skin
○ Immune response causes characteristic circular lesion, but neutrophils which are necessary to eliminate the infection fail to appear
Bacteria spreads to the bloodstream to joints, heart, nervous system, and distant skin sites
Chromothesia
Hear music as colours
Synaesthesia
Experience sounds as taste
Gray Matter
Cell bodies, dendrites
White matter
Axons (myelin sheaths produce white colour)
Insula
○ Region buried deep within the lacteral sulcus (division between frontal and temporal lobes)
○ Implicated in encoding memory, integration of sensory information with visceral (internal) responses
Receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and somatosensory (mostly pain) information
Left Side of Brain
Speech
Writing
Main language integration center
Calculation
Right Side of brain
Simple language comprehension
Spatial concepts
Kim Peek:
• Born with brain damage (no corpus callosum)
• Also known as Rain Man
• Remembers every page from every book he ever read
Different wiring of the brain
Christopher Langan:
• Highest known IQ (195-210)
• No formal university education
• Developed the cognitive theoretic model of the universe
Integrating different aspects of looking at the universe (philosophy, math, chem..etc)
Orbifrontal Area
People with damage to the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex experience severe impulsive behaviour (verging on sociopathic)
Epithalamus
○ Dorsal segment of Diencephalon
○ Contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin
§ “Hormone of darkness”, helps regulate circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus
○ Sits above the optic chiasm
○ Most inferior portion of the diencephalon
○ Site of the master clock (SCN- superchiasmatic nucleus)
○ Regulated daily body processes
§ Hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation
§ Hormone secretion from pituitary gland
Contributes to regulation of sleep and wake
