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BIOM 3200 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion Time:

A

6-8 hours in stomach, SI

Large Intestine- ~ 40 hours (33 for men, children, 47 for women)

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2
Q

Alimentary canal

A

§ Continuous hollow tube

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, anus

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3
Q

Functions of the Salivary Glands:

A 
• Lubrication/binding
• Solubilization of dry food
• Oral hygiene- flushes away debris
• Begins starch digestion via salivary amylases
• Alkaline buffering
• Evaporative cooling
        Important for dogs
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4
Q

Mastication (Chewing):

A 
• Teeth
• Hardest structures in the body
	○ 20 deciduous
	○ 32 secondary 
• Incisors
	§ Rip and cut
• Canines
	§ Tear and pierce
• Premolars
	§ Grind and shear
• Molars
        Grinds
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5
Q

Deglutition (Swallowing):

A

• Oral, pharyngeal, esophageal
• Requires 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
§ Mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus are innervated by somatic motor neurons
Middle and lower esophagus are innervated by autonomic neurons

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6
Q

Peptic Ulcers:

A

• Erosions of the mucosa can lead to peptic ulcers (stomach digests itself)
• Result of infection of the GT tract in ~50% of adults worldwide
• Nobel prize win for recognizing that that peptic ulcers are due to common bacteria Hlicobacter pylori degrading the mucosal membrane, rather than due to spicy food
Treat with antibiotics

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7
Q

Duodenum

A

§ First 25cm

Mucous secretion, receives pancreatic secretions and bile from the liver

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8
Q

Jejunum

A

§ 1m in length

Numerous folds and villi

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9
Q

Ileum

A

§ Last 2m
§ Fewer folds/villi than jejunum
§ Absorbs primarily bile salts, water, and electrolytes
§ Contains Peyer’s patches (aggregates of lymph nodes)
Empties into the large intestine via the ilieocecal valce

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10
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus in SI

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11
Q

Intestial crypts

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Replace columnar epithelial cells (constant turnover)

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12
Q

Paneth cells

A

Base of crypts

Secrtee antibacterial molecules to protect intestine from inflammation (lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides)

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13
Q

Sucrase

A

Sucrose-> glucose + fructose

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14
Q

Maltase

A

Maltose -> glucose

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15
Q

Lactase

A

Lactose-> glucose, galactose

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16
Q

Aminopeptidase

A

Cleaves polypeptides

17
Q

Enterokinase

A

Activates trypsin and indirectly other pancreatic enzymes

18
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase

A

Removes phosphate groups from organic molecules

19
Q

Pancreas

A 
Exocrine and endocrine function
Pancreatic islet (of Langerhands)- endocrine- synthesize hormones- insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
Pancreatic acini- exocrin function- synthesizes digestive enzymes (trypsinogen, amylase, lipase)
20
Q

Absorption of cholesterol

A

Can be absorbed across intestinal mucosa as is (no digestion needed)

21
Q

Alpha-Dextrinase

A

Small glucose polymers-> glucose

22
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A 
Dextrinase
Glucoamylase
Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase
23
Q

Digestion of CHO in Mouth, Stomach

A

Salivary amylase
Stomach pH
Pancreatic amylase

24
Q

Digestion of CHO in SI

A

Pancreatic amylase (more potent than salivary amylase)

25
Q

Final Breakdown of CHo

A

Monosaccharides, water solluble
80% glucose
10% galactose
10% fructose

26
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood leaving the villi of the small intestine drain into blood vessels that lead directly to the liver - the hepatic portal system

Blood leaving the villi is rich in nutrients; if this nutrient load were allowed to enter the general circulation, blood viscosity would be increased with possible adverse effects on blood pressure

As the blood passes through the blood vessels of the liver, much of the nutrient load is removed in the first pass effect

27
Q

Glycemic Index

A

High= Raises blood sugar quickly
Low= Blood sugars handles better
i..e pretzels= high, rice= low
High GI foods leads to an increase in fat even when healthy

Diabetic peoples should avoid high GI foods

28
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Immune system destroys beta cells. Loses the ability to produce insulin

29
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Doesn’t produce enough insulin to meet needs. Amount becomes less and less.

Cells build resistance (even if insulin is around, glucose not uptaken into cells), more insulin needed

30
Q

Cholesterol Rich Foods

A

Shrimp, egg yolks, butter, oils, cream, meat

31
Q

Cholesterol

A

Most produced by liver (85%)

15% comes from diet

32
Q

Lipid Digestion

A

Lingual lipase in saliva

Bile acids emulsify, pancreatic enzymes (lipases)- only occurs in SI

33
Q

Lymphatic System

A

TAGs resynthesized in enterocyte, leave cell via exocytosis (chylomicrons) and enter lacteals of the intestinal villi (lymphatic system) until they reach thoracic duct and move to the blood stream

34
Q

ApoE

A

In the blood, the chylomicrons add ApoE protein, which helps it ot bind to capillaries in the target muscles and adipose tissue

Digested in target tissues by lipoprotein lipase, releasing the fatty acd

Used by skeletal muscle for energy

Used by adipose tissue for synthesis of stored fat

35
Q

Protein Digestion

A

Proteases cleave to peptides

Peptidases cleave to AA

36
Q

Pepsin

A

Digests protein in stomach
Functons at pH of 2-3
Inhibited pH>5 (doesn’t work in SI), doesn’t last long in stomach

One of the only enzymes capable to digest collagen (main component of connective tissue in meat)- breakdown of collagen is the first step of digestion of meat

37
Q

Protein Digestion in SI

A

Pancreatic secretions contain a number of proteolytic enzymes that act in the duodenum and upper jejunum

Partial breakdown products generated from the stomach stimulate the release of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Carboxypeptidase

Proelastase

38
Q

Protein Digestion in SI Villi

A

Enterocytes contain other peptidases that are specific for linkages between AA

Endopeptidases (like trypsin) cleave internal bonds

Exopeptidases cleave ends

Digest remaining Di- and Tri-peptides into single AA

> 99% of final protein product are single amino acids that pass into the blood stream

39
Q

Absorption of Protein

A

Carrie mediated transport into enterocyte
Peptides digested by crush border peptidases
Transport proteins carry amino acids out of absorptive cells to capillaries of villi

BIOM 3200 (2 decks)

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