Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
What is the innveration route of Tensor veli palatini
A
Motor nucleus of trigeminal -> F. Ovale -> V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal)
2
Q
Which nerve carries motor fibers from motor trigeminal nucleus to tensor tympani?
A
V3
3
Q
Which nerve supplies motor function to Anterior belly of digastric?
A
V3
4
Q
Which nerve carries motor fibers to posterior belly of digastric?
A
VII
5
Q
Which brainstem nuclei does motor innveration to stylohoid come from?
A
Motor nucleus of facial nerve
6
Q
Which cranial nerve carries motor fibers to stapedius?
A
VII
7
Q
Which autonomic ganglion supplies the lacrimal gland?
A
Pterygopalatine ganglion via V2
8
Q
What is the innervation course of the parotid gland
A
Inferior salivatory nu -> CN IX ->otic ganglion-> V3 -> parotid gland
9
Q
Which brainstem nuclei supplies submandibular and sublingual glands?
A
Superior salivatory nucleus
10
Q
What kind of nucleus is the Nucleus Ambiguus
A
Motor
11
Q
What nerves carry fibers out from nucleus ambiguus?
A
X and IX
12
Q
Which nerve carries motor fibers to stylopharyngeus?
A
IX
13
Q
Which nerve carries motor fibers to palatoglossus?
A
CN X
14
Q
Which nerves carry sensation fibers to the sensory nucleus of trigeminal?
A
V, VII, IX and X
15
Q
Which nerve carries sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
A
CN IX
16
Q
What information does the Nucleus of solitary tract receive?
A
Taste from CNVII and CN IX and CN X
Visceral sensation from CN X
17
Q
Which nerve carries sensation from the eyelids?
A
CN V1
18
Q
Which nerve carries motor fibres to cricothyroid?
A
Superior laryngeal nerve via vagus nerve
19
Q
Which nerve carries motor fibres to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
A
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
20
Q
What embryological cells is the frontal bone derrived from?
A
Neural crest
21
Q
What embryological cells is the parietal bone derrived from?
A
Paraxial mesoderm
22
Q
What embryological cells is the laryngeals of the neck derrived from?
A
Lateral plate mesoderm
23
Q
What 2 processes is the 1st pharyngeal arch divided into?
A
Maxiullary and mandibular process
24
Q
What does the first pharyngeal arch membrane become?
A
Tympanic membrane
25
What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft become?
External auditory meatus
26
What forms the cervical sinus?
2nd 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
27
Which cranial nerve is the 1st pharyngeal arch associated with?
CN V
28
Which cranial nerve is the 2nd arch associates with?
CN VII
29
Which CN is the 3rd pharyngeal arch associated with?
CN IX
30
Which pharyngeus muscle is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
Stylopharyngeus
31
What muscles derrive from the 4th pharyngeal arch? - which nerve is is it associated with?
Muscles of pharynx and soft palate - superior laryngeal brunch of vagus
32
What muscles is the recurrent laryngeal nerve associated with?
Muscles of larynx - intrinsic muscles
33
What happens to the pharyngeal arch arteries?
Become the great vessels of the arch
34
What is the cause and presentation of a branchial cyst?
Failure of 2nd pharyngeal pouches to obliterate - forming a pouch filled with fluid in the neck.
Remains stationary on swallowing.
35
Describe treacher collins syndrome
Hyppplasia of cheeks and mandible
Colobomas/congenital scarring of eyelids
Downward slopping palpebral fissures
Poorly developed supraorbital ribs and cheeks
Receeding chin and malformation of the ear
36
What defect is treacher collins sd associated with?
1st pharyngeal arch neural crest defect
37
What genetic defect is associated with micrognathia, glossptosis, airway obstruction, cleft palate and small maxilla?
Peirre robin sequence - neural crest genetic defect
38
Describe Del22q11.2 syndrome
Facial dysmorphia with maxialla and mandible
Micrognathia, small mouth, posteriorly rotated ears
Cardivasciular defects
Frequent infections
39
Which defect includes face and cardiovascular defects?
Del22q11.2
40
What does the auditory tube form from?
1st pharyngeal pouch
41
What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch become?
Palatine tonsil
42
What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch become?
Inferior parathyroid gland and thymus
43
What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch become?
Superior parathyroid gland
44
Which arches fuse to form the tongue?
1st arch - CN v
2nd arch - regresses
3rd arch - CN IX
4th arch - CN X
45
What forms the nasal septum
Ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
Vomer
46
What is the significance of Little's Area?
Anastamoses of ICA and ECA
47
What branches supply the superior part of the nasal cavity?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery - from ICA
48
What branches supply the inferior nasal cavity?
Sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery - from ECA
49
How does the blood supply of the nasal cavity drain?
Pterygoid plexus -> cavernous sinus
50
What nerves carry general sensation fibers from the noise?
V1 and V2
51
What muscle does the parotid duct pierce?
Buccinator
52
What kind of joint is between the condylar process and the mandibular fossa in the temporal bone?
Synovial
53
3 ligaments that stabilise the mandible
Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
54
Which muscle helps to open the jaw?
Lateral pterygoid
55
Which muscle helps in side to side movement of the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid
56
Which branch of V3 carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication?
Anterior division of V3
57
Which nerve is responsible for headaches in TMJ syndrome?
Auriculotemporal branch of V3
58
What sits in the infra-temporal fossa?
Branches of V3
Otic ganglion
Branchies of VII and IX
Maxillary artery & vein
Middle meningeal artery * vein
Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
59
Which division of V3 carries nerve to mylohyoid?
Posterior division -> anterior alveolar nerve -> nerve to mylohyoid
60
The lingual nerve is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve - T or F?
F, lingual nerve is a branch of the posterior division of V3.
61
Which CN carries autonomic fibres from the superior salivatory nucleus to the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglions?
VII
62
Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Lingual nerve from v3
63
Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibres from otic ganglion to the parotid gland?
Auricuclotemporal branch of V3
64
What nerve carries sensory fibers to the maxillary gums?
Long buccal nerve from anterior division of V3
65
What is the only motor fiber carried by the posterior division of V3?
Nerve to mylohyoid (and anterior digastric)
66
List the 16 cranial nuclei in the brain stem
```
EW
CN III motor
CN IV motor
CN V motor
CN VII motor
CN VI motor
NA motor
Sup salv
Inf salv
Dorsal vagus
Hypoglossal XII
```
Mesencephalic V
Chief sensory V
Spinal V
Vestibularcochlear VII
NST VII IX X
67
What is the origin of the foreman caecum?
Remnant of the thyroid gland
68
If hypoglossal nerve lesion is on left side, which side will the tongue deviate to?
Left
69
Which nerve carries motor fiber to levator veli palatini?
CN X
70
Which muscle depresses the soft palate? Which nerve carries its motor fibers?
Palatopharyngeus - CN X
71
What is another name for the false vocal cord?
Vestibular fold
72
What is the innveration of the infrahyoid muscles?
Mostly Ansa cervicalis (c2 c3)
| Except thyrohyoid which is C1
73
What are the innervations of the suprahyoid muscles
Anterior digastric is V3
Posterior digastric is VII
Mylohyoid is V3
Stylohyoid VII
Geniohyoid is C1
74
What nerve carry sensory fibers to larynx?
Vagus nerve
75
What nerve carries sensory fibers from the inner surface of the tympanic membrane?
Glossopharyngeal IX
76
Which 3 muscles elevate the pharyngeal wall during swallowing? Innervations?
```
Palatopharyngeus = X
Stylopharyngeus = IX
Salpingopharyngeus = X
```
77
Which vertebrae is atlas and which is axis?
C1 is atlas, c2 is axis.
78
What stabilises the odontoid process of c2?
Transverse ligament of the atlas
79
Commonest fungal meningitis in the UK?
Cryptococcus neoformans
80
What kind of drug is clopidogrel?
Anti-platelet
81
Where does the tectospinal tract originate from?
Superior colliculus in midbrain
82
What does the basal ganglia consist of?
```
Caudate nuclus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
```
83
What does the striatum consist of?
Caudate and putamen
84
What is the input of the striatum?
Cortex
85
What basal ganglia structure outputs to the thalamus?
Globus pallidus
86
What is the direct pathway? From cortex to cortex
Cortex -> striatum -> GP -> ventolateral nucleus of thalamus -> cortex
87
Decreased striatum activity leads to increase or decreased motor activity?
Decreased = hypokinesia
88
Globus pallidus activity is excitatory or inhibitory on the ventro-lateral thalamus?
Inhibitory
89
Loss of globus pallidus neurones account for symptoms of huntington's disease - T or F?
True, GP is inhibitory to thalamus and motor activity
Loss of inhibition leads to hyperkinesia
90
Subthalamic influence on the globus pallidus is excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory - therefore as GP is inhibitory to thalamus, subthalamic activity is inhibitory to motor activity.
91
Loss of subthalamic nuclei activity leads to hyponkinetic disorders - T or F?
False - leads to hyperkinetic disorders due to loss of excitation on GP
92
Loss of which basal ganglia structure leads to abulia?
Caudate nucleus
93
What is the motor output destination of ventral lateral thalamus?
Supplementary motor area (SMA)
94
Difference between function of caudate circuit and putamen circuit
Caudate circuit involved in cognitive planning of movement, initation of activity.
Putamen involved in execution of learned patterns of movement
95
Order in most conscious to least conscious
1) coma
2) locked in syndrome
3) persistent vegetative state
4) brain death
5) minimally conscious state
```
Minimally conscious state
Locked in syndrome
Persistent vegetative state
Coma
Brain death
```
96
Order in most conscious to least conscious
1) confused
2) conscious
3) stuporous
4) obtunded
5) comatose
6) delirious
7) somnolent
1) conscious
2) confused
3) delirious
4) somnolent
5) obtunded
6) stuporous
7) comatose
97
Where are corticopontine fibers located in the internal capsule?
Anterior limb
98
The lacrimal nerve from V1 supplies parasympathetic fibres to the lacrimal gland - T or F?
True, lacrimal Nerve from V1 carry sensory fibers from conjuctiva and skin of superior eyelid AND receives parasympathetic fibers from zygomaticotemporal branch of V2 bound for lacrimal gland.
99
Steps to test function of superior oblique?
Adduct the eyeball first which uses MR (look inwards to nose)
Then to test SO, direct gaze downwards while adducted.
IR depresses eyeball but SO enables extreme depression of eyeball, especially in adducted state.
100
Function of SO on its own?
Down and out
101
Which nerve carries sympathetic fibers to the iris to enable constriction of pupils?
V1 via nasociliary nerve
102
Which nerve carries motor fibres to stapedius and tensor tympani?
VII to stapedius and V3 to tensor tympani
